Literary Analysis Of Jack Londons The Call Of The Wild

The Call of the Wild Literary Analysis Have Have you ever read The Call of the Wild? The Call of the Wild by Jack London it is a story about a dog name Buck that transformation from a pampered pet to a fierce,masterful wild,animal, and this transformation naturally means that the canine protagonist gradually separates himself from his human masters on his way to achieving a final independence. Nevertheless, The Call of the Wild ultimately offers an ambiguous,rather than negative, portrait of Buck’s relationships to humanity.it suggests that while some human-dog relationship can be disastrous to the dog’s welfare,others are mutually beneficial, and a natural love can develop between dog’s and their master. The negative side of the man-†¦show more content†¦The domesticated generations fell from him. In vague ways he remembered back to the youth of the breed, to the time the wild dogs ranged in packs through the primeval forest and killed their meat as they ran it down. It was no task for him to learn to fight with cut and slash and the quick wolf snap. In this manner had fought forgotten ancestors. They quickened the old life within him, and the old tricks which they had stamped into the heredity of the breed were his tricks. They came to him without effort or discovery, as though they had been his always. And when, on the still cold nights, he pointed his nose at a star and howled long and wolflike, it was his ancestors, dead and dust, pointing nose at star and howling down through the centuries and through him. And his cadences were their cadences, the cadences which voiced their woe and what to them was the meaning of the stiffness, and the cold, and dark†.(London 25) Buck is not just an individual, but also a part of a long and communal history. He is the sum of all dogs that came before him and all that will come after. Introduction to the reign of primitive law.Buck discovers latent qualities in himself that he previously did not know he had.â€Å"That club was a revelation. It was his introduction to the reign of primitive law, and he met the introduction halfway. The facts of life took on a fiercer aspect; and while he faced that aspect uncowed, he faced it with all the latent cunning of his natureShow MoreRelatedA Analysis of Jack London Novels2925 Words   |  12 PagesA literary Analysis of Jack London three most recognized works, Sea Wolf; The Call of the Wild; and White Fang. Jack London lived a full life, even though he died at the young age of forty. In his life time he experienced many things, and I believe that these experiences were the catalyst of his novels. Jack London was an oyster pirate, a government patrolman in San Francisco Bay, a sailor and an agrarian reformer, a seal hunter in the North Pacific and a gold prospector in the frozenRead More Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay6977 Words   |  28 Pagesquot;Carvers task,quot; as Paul Skenazy writes, is to depict the quot;tiny, damning confinements of the spirit,quot; in Cathedral it is also to go beyond depicting the suffocations and wilted spirits of characters in chains (78). Engaging in what he calls a kind of writerly quot;opening upquot; of his own, Carver draws out in various uplifting moments the momentary gratifications and near-joys characters experience when, however temporarily, the enclosing walls come down--when their self-preoccupationsRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANAL YSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†

Second Chance Illegal Immigrants Free Essays

Illegal Immigration has been a rising controversial problem among policy makers. There are 11 million immigrants that currently reside in the United States. They immigrated to this nation to seek a new life, a job, and a brighter future, but obtaining a citizenship won’t be on the same level as immigrating here. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Chance? Illegal Immigrants or any similar topic only for you Order Now One wrong step would lead them to deportation. I believe that illegal immigrants should be given a chance to become U. S. citizens. This is due to several reasons: (1) Families that have been previously separated by deportation can reunite. (2) Illegal Immigrants contribute to the economy. (3) Immigration is a human right. These reasons proves that illegal immigrants should be given a second chance. According to government records in 2011, approximately 200,000 parents has been deported from the United States because they did not have a citizenship. The government has teared many childrens from their parents and countless families apart. Childrens have been traumatized of this. These illegal immigrants should be given a second chance of obtaining a citizenship instead of staying deported because of traffic violations and other minor transgressions. One such case was when a Mexican immigrant named Felipe Montes was deported from North Carolina. He left behind three children and a wife. Eventually he won but he had to go to Mexico with them. This was all just because he had a bunch of traffic violations. Illegal Immigrants also contribute to the economy as well to the government. Offering to get paid low wages, the immigrants help companies compete with low priced products from other companies. By granting citizenship on the illegal immigrants, the tax revenue would also increase by 4. 5 billion dollars in a span of three years according to the Congressional Budget Office. This would be a big aid to the economy as well to the government. It would also as well increase the labor force as more people retire and this would benefit the economy preventing lack of labor force. Immigration should be a right inherited from humanity. Just as we are allowed to breath and eat, we should be allowed to immigrate. It should be a right entitled to us automatically to have freedom. The constitution says that all men should have freedom but this issue on illegal immigrants completely defies it. This law is not even based on if you have citizenship or not, it said all men. This is a reason why they should also not be deported. In conclusion, I believe that illegal immigrants should be given a chance to obtain a citizenship. It is unfair that they should be left out on the freedom that everyone should be entitled to. How to cite Second Chance? Illegal Immigrants, Papers

Team Working in Organisational Partnerships

Question: Identify,compare and contrast the key success factors for team working in organisational partnerships? Answer: Introduction This literature search is focused towards analysing team working in the context of organisational partnerships. As a part of analysis in this literature review, there are different important aspects related to team management that will be assessed in the analysis. This mainly include an analysis of the role, nature and purpose of teams, types of teams, and the role of mission, vision and culture in organisation and their role on team and partnership relations. The analysis in this literature search also focuses towards the key success factors that are essential from the point of view of achieving success in respect to team working in organisation. The key success factors for the efficient working of teams within organisation will be critically assessed as a part of analysis in this literature search in order to analyse the actual role of teams working within it. The analysis is not only limited to these particular aspects, but it will cover different important areas such as agreeing the aims and success criteria for teams and organisational partnerships with senior managers, agreeing the operational procedures for team working and organisational partnerships, and establishing and motivating teams including the evaluation of team working in organisational partnerships. The literature review finally evaluates the different major skills and abilities that must be considered in ensuring the efficient performance of team working within organisation. These aspects are analysed as follows: Nature and Status of Organisational Partnerships: The term organisational partnership simples mean that there has been partnership established within two different organisations in order to carry out their business activities and processes. Organisational partnership is an important concept which implies establishing partnerships between organisations so that the tasks can be accomplished in a highly efficient manner by way of combining the efforts of members from both the organisation. Kuglin and Hook (2002) have indicated that organisational partnerships can also be defined as strategic alliance whereby two different departments from different organisations combines their strategies and resources with a view to accomplish combined organisational goals (Kuglin and Hook, 2002). This concept of organisational partnership also has its relevance in respect to teams working within organisation. Hayes (2011) has indicated about the changing faces of team whereby it has been described that there has been significant level of changes being evident over the years in respect to the ways in which teams operate. There has been the rise of partnership teams in UK as suggested by Hayes (2011) and this concept of partnership team implies the teams of two different organisations working together in accomplishing a similar goal. The relevance of such concept of team working in partnership has been increasing because of the advantages associated with it. It allows for the attainment of synergistic efforts from the team members operating across two different organisations because the collaborative efforts from both of them accounts for achieving higher success levels. Contrary to this, there are certain major challenges in teams working in organisational partnerships such as establishing coordination, cultural differences issues and many more (Hayes, 2011). Role, Nature and Purpose of Teams: An analysis of the existing literature indicates that the role and purpose of teams is crucial from the point of view of efficiently achieving organisational goals. According to Keen (2003), teams are known for playing important roles in organisation by way of allowing them in performing their organisational processes in a highly efficient way. Teams are known as one of the essential factors in organisation as the collaborative efforts from members within team is crucial from the point of view of leading organisation to higher level of success by achieving efficiency in their processes (Keen, 2003). Pauleen (2004) describes the nature of team by indicating that teams involve two or more than two members, and they are assigned a common goal which needs to be achieved through collaborative efforts from all the members within it. Team works in a collaborative way, and the contribution of knowledge by each member is crucial from the point of view of achieving the team goals. As indicated by King, Fries and Johnson () it is essential that there should be the development of right skills by the teams so that the goals as assigned to teams can be efficiently achieved. The important skills needed in respect to teams are broadly classified as technical or functional expertise, interpersonal skills and problem solving and decision making skills. These skills allows for efficiently handling the organisational problems in a highly efficient way. Thus, the nature of the team working implies that it is the way of getting the organisational goals accomplished through the combined or collaborative efforts of large number of members within it. In relation to the purpose of team, an analysis of the existing literature indicates that there are different purposes for which teams exist. As for instance, as indicated by Mitchell (2008) the main purpose of teams within organisation is to achieve synergistic performance through the collaborative efforts of wide number of members. But in ensuring that the team purpose is accomplished, there is a need to make sure that there is equal level of efforts being achieved from all the members within teams (Mitchell, 2008). The purpose of teams as per Katzenbach and Smith (2013) is mainly to make it sure that the organisational problems are efficiently addressed by way of contribution of efforts from all its members. Such contributory work allows for the efficient attainment of organisational goals (Katzenbach and Smith, 2013). Thus, the analysis above has indicated key important elements regarding the operations of team within organisation including their nature and purpose. Types of Teams: An analysis of the team and the nature and their purpose of existence are already carried out. However, it is also essential to analyse different types of teams that are existence within an organisation, and this section of analysis is now focused towards performing an assessment of the existence literature with respect to the different types of teams. As for instance, an analysis of the existing literature indicated that there are different types of teams that are operational in an organisation. According to Daft (2009), teams can be categorised into formal teams and informal teams. The informal team comprises of vertical teams and horizontal teams. Formal teams are those teams which are created within organisation as a part of their formal organisational structure. In vertical teams, they are mostly comprised of managers, and their subordinates in the formal chain of command. This is also known as functional team that is operational within organisation. The horizontal team comprise s of members from same hierarchical level, but they may be from different areas of expertise. These are the important types of teams as suggested by Daft (2009). Teams according to Griffin and Moorhead (2011) are classified into different major types including problem solving teams, management teams, product development teams, and virtual teams. The problem solving teams are self defined as these teams are mainly known for solving the problems through their diverse nature of knowledge and abilities. The management teams are responsible for performing the management of different functional areas in an organisation, and they aims at coordinating the entire organisational processes in a manner that ensures them the attainment of higher level of success. Apart from this, product development teams have the primary role of developing products in a manner that suits the needs and expectations of their customers. The virtual teams are those than never meets together in a room, as they operate from a virtual destination. The existence of this type of virtual team has been possible mainly because of advancement as achieved in the field of technology (G riffin and Moorhead, 2011). Thus, the analysis above has indicated about the existence of large number of teams within organisation and they have different purposes that are satisfied by them. Although the teams are of different types, but an analysis of the literature has indicated that there are teams operating at different strategic levels within organisation, and teams are also from different backgrounds. According to Wildman and Griffith (2014) teams operate at the strategic levels as well, and the main purpose of the teams operating at such strategic levels is mainly to undertake strategic decisions that are aimed at leading the entire organisation to higher success levels. The teams operating at strategic levels are required to undertake strategic decisions that ensure them success in taking the organisation to higher performance levels (Wildman and Griffith, 2014). Teams also operate with members from diverse backgrounds and they are crucial in leading the entire organisation to higher success levels. According to Hoskisson, Hitt and Ireland (2012), teams from diverse background are on the rise and the major contributing factor to such rise in the teams from different cultural backgrounds is mainly the rise in the businesses expanding to international markets. This suggests that people from different cultural backgrounds work together in teams, and they carry out the organisational functions with a view to ensure the attainment of higher level of success and growth in their performance. Sage (2010) has indicated that such diverse nature of teams are highly crucial from the point of view of allowing businesses in achieving higher success levels in the 21st century because this allows for the application of knowledge of diverse employees within organisation, and the resulting impact is better solution to the problems faced by the organisation. There are significant level of advantages that could be possible to businesses from considering the management of diverse teams within their organisation, and this is the reason that businesses increasingly promote the application of such diverse teams in performing the management of their business processes. Overall, the assessment above indicates that different types of teams exist and they have different roles to play in leading the organisation to achieving higher level of success. Effect of Mission, Values and Culture on Team and Partnership: Vision, mission and values are long term goals of an organisation, and these aspects are crucial from the point of view of framing efficient strategies and developing teams and partnerships within organisations. This section analyses the role of mission, values and culture on teams and partnerships within organisation. According to Heinemann and Zeiss (2012), the mission of an organisation is the long term value or goals that the organisation seeks to achieve, and this has been a crucial factor because it directs the goals and processes that are carried out. The impact of mission statement on teams is crucial because it is the mission statement that decides on the organisational goals and strategies and based on such goals, team planning process is carried out. As suggested by Dew (2008), it is essential that manager of the team must be capable enough in articulating the vision and mission statement of the organisation within each members efforts and goals. The role of managers is th erefore crucial because by articulating the mission and vision of the company into individuals actions, it could be possible to positively achieve organisational goals. Each team is required to develop its own mission so that support to the entire organisation can ultimately be achieved. It is also essential that the each of the team member must understand their roles and responsibilities within organisation so that they can ensure the contribution of their maximum level of efforts in achieving organisational goals. Apart from mission, the role of values and culture on team management and partnership is also crucial. According to Hopkins (2009), the performance of team is directly affected by the values and cultures that are faced by them. Cultural values differ from country to country and their role is significant in affecting the team performance. Teams usually comprise of members from diverse background and their diverse cultural values and beliefs often affect their performance in a negative way. Cultural factor affect the team performance in the sense that it creates difficulties to team members in understanding the goals of their organisation. This is mainly because of differences in their cultural background which often acts as an obstacle to them in understanding team goals and preferences. Apart from goal related problem, there are certain other problems that are also evident in respect to teams performance from this cultural factor as suggested by Hopkins (2009). The cultural factor af fects the performance in the sense that it creates confusion within team members in doing their tasks while performing in teams, and there is often the issue of cultural superiority that impedes the performance of teams. Team members often identify their culture to be superior as compared to others, and this factor affects their performance in a negative way (Hopkins, 2009). These are some of the managerial issues related to the management of culture in the process of team performance. It is essential that these factors should be addressed in a positive way so that efficient overall team management can be possible in a positive way. Planning and Reporting Processes in Teams and Organisational Partnerships: Teams also operate in a specific way with different important activities and processes that are being carried out in ensuring that the organisational goals are positively accomplished. There are specific ways in which the planning and reporting is carried out by the team members within organisations. According to Evans (2004), the planning process that has been carried out in teams is mainly a shared planning process whereby each and every member is required to contribute in a positive way towards attaining the team objectives and goals. The team members have good potential to contribute their knowledge and skills in achieving organisational goals. As a result, planning processes as carried out within teams are undertaken by way of including all the members within it. This allows for efficient overall planning with respect to each and every major activity that is being performed as teams (Evans, 2004). According to Sears and Clough (2010), the team building process mainly starts with the planning process, and this is therefore required to be carried out in a highly efficient manner in ensuring that team development has been achieved effectively. However, once the team is formulated, the planning process that has been carried out is quite specific whereby the team members need to act in tandem and all the members are involved in taking any major decisions. The process involves sharing the views of each of the member within the team and based on the group discussion, the decision that has been accepted by majority of the members is finally accepted. The team mentor or the leader is required to undertake the final decision, and this is then approved with the senior level managers. Apart from this process in respect to the decision making within teams, the actual activities are carried out in different ways across different organisations. As for example, some organisation have teams bu t still the member are required to work on individual goals whereas others have group goals which requires them to work in teams (Sears and Clough, 2010). Apart from planning process, reporting process is also crucial in respect to team performance. According to Black (2004), the reporting process of team differs from organisation to organisation, and there are different important ways in which team members report their performance and achievements. In some organisations, team reporting is carried out in the form of team members reporting their individual performance to the team leader on daily basis, and the team leader in turn requires the reporting of organisational performance to the senior level managers from regular intervals of time. However, in respect to highly authoritative organisations, the team reporting is done directly to the supervisors or the senior level managers that are responsible for the supervision of teams. Each team member is required to report their performance to such senior level managers. As the planning and reporting processes have been identified in teams, but they have different nature of operations in respect to teams operating in organisational partnerships. According to Clegg, Hardy and Nord (2003), team reporting in respect to organisational partnerships differ significantly, as the team from both the partnering organisations is required to report to the common members of senior management that are operational within the combined organisation. In organisational partnerships, the senior level management of both the organisations come together as per the agreed terms, and they are responsible for the management of the entire team. The reporting of teams from both the organisations is done to the managerial team responsible for managing the strategic partnership. Thus, the team reporting is done in case of organisational partnership to the management responsible for managing both the partners within it (Clegg, Hardy and Nord, 2003). Thus, the analysis above has indicated that the planning and reporting processes in teams and organisational partnerships are critical and they are followed differently across different types of teams operating within organisations. Key Success Factors of Teams Working in Organisational Partnerships: Teams are highly essential to the successful performance of an organisation. It is essential that their management should be carried out in a highly efficient way so that they accounts for positive level of contribution towards achieving organisational goals. However, in ensuring the efficient performance of teams, there are certain important critical success factors that must be satisfied by them. This section of analysis is now focused towards examining the critical success factors that are applicable in respect to the efficient performance of teams within organisation. As analysed above, teams in organisational partnerships are quite different in terms of their reporting and operational processes. As a result, the key success factors are also critical in respect to the teams operating in organisational partnerships. As indicated in the existing literature, there are different important key success factors that are essential to teams in respect to their performance. According to Caporarello (2014), an important prerequisite in respect to achieving success in team performance is mainly the interaction process within team members. It is highly essential that the team members should perform interaction with each other so that better analysis of the problem can be possible and the resulting impact is improved decision making abilities. By having interaction at the greater level, the team members could be encouraged positively to share their opinion and thoughts, and they in turn can be better encouraged to contribute positively in achieving organisational goals (Caporarello, 2014). An important key success factor for efficient team performance is indicated by Parker (2003) by suggesting that teams can perform in a highly efficient manner by way of making it sure that there are cross functional teams that are operational within organisation. Cross functional teams imply that the members within the teams are from diverse background conditions so that they can better address the needs and requirements of their organisations (Parker, 2003). According to Humphrey and Over (2010), the successful management and performance of teams within organisation require efficient leadership and trust within the members of the team. A team is managed by a leader and such leader is responsible for the entire management of team members in achieving organisational goals. Apart from this, the existence of mutual trust within team members is also identified as a critical success factor to efficient team performance and management (Humphrey and Over, 2010). According to Wieringa and Persson (2010), team working requires certain major successful factors in ensuring higher level of effectiveness within them. The management of teams in organisation is crucial, and this can be carried out in an efficient manner through focusing on certain important factors. These are mainly identified as achieving team cohesiveness, facilitating efficient communication opportunities, allowing for group thinking, achieving homogeneity in respect to managing team, focusing on stakeholder outcomes, committed leadership, smart goals, establishing mutual trust etc. These are identified as the most critical success factors that are essential to overall performance and management of teams within organisation. By aiming towards achieving all these aspects, there could be the attainment of higher level of success that could be possible in respect to team performance within organisation (Wieringa and Persson, 2010). Although there are various critical success factors being identified in respect to team working in organisation, however, it is essential to analyse such critical success factors especially in respect to teams operating in organisational partnerships. This is mainly because the analysis above has indicated that team working differs significantly in respect to organisational partnerships and the critical success factors therefore differs greatly in respect to teams operating in strategic partnerships. According to Mark (2009), the critical success factor in respect to teams operating within organisational partnerships is that the management of the partnered organisation should provide equal treatments to the teams that are operations. As there are teams from different organisations work in respect to partnership teams, it is essential that members from different teams from such different organisations should be treated equally in order to achieve success in their contribution in achie ving organisational goals (Mark, 2009). Overall, the analysis above has indicated about significant level of critical success factors that are essential to efficient performance of teams within organisation. Establishing Efficient Team Working and Organisational Partnerships: This section of analysis is now focused towards establishing efficient team working and organisational partnerships by way of agreeing success criteria for teams, agreeing operational procedures for them, motivating team workers and finally evaluating the effectiveness of team working. An analysis of all these aspects in the existing literature is carried out in this section of literature analysis. In establishing teams, it is essential that aims and objectives regarding the working of teams should be identified. According to Finlay (2004), the establishment aims and objectives for team is essential because it guides the team members with respect to their roles and responsibilities within organisation and thereby encourages them in efficiently meeting out such goals and objectives in an efficient manner. However, an important criterion in establishing goals is that the senior managers including the board members should agree to it (Finlay, 2004). As per Nelson (2009), the senior mana gers can be made agreed with respect to selecting aim for the teams by way of proving them the benefits from it, and also by explaining the capabilities of teams in achieving them. Once the senior management agrees for the aims and objectives of teams, it is essential to agree on the operational procedures that are crucial to performing the team processes. Sutton (2014) in this regard indicated that the development of operational procedures is crucial from the point of view of making each team member responsible for his/her role in the team. The operating procedures for teams and the team members within organisational partnership should be indicated in written so that they could be applied in managing each team member (Sutton, 2014). As per Adkins and Chambers (2005), the operating procedures for team includes deciding on the role and tasks of each member and the ways in which they needs to be undertaken, technical details about teams operations, safety and security policies, and the mandatory rules and policies that must be supported by the team members (Adkins and Chambers, 2005). The policies and procedures are not only sufficient for the teams, but in order to ensure that they contribute positively towards accomplishing teams goal, it is essential that they should be motivated aggressively. According to Pride, Hughes and Kapoor (2013), there are different important techniques that can be utilised in ensuring that efficient motivation of team is accomplished. As for instance, the application of techniques such as employee empowerment, self-managed work teams, and employee ownership could be applied in efficiently motivating employees, and thereby in achieving positive level of contribution from team members towards accomplishing organisational goals (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2013). Finally, the team motivation is followed by an assessment of their actual performance evaluation so as to assess the effectiveness of policies and procedures and team motivation within organisation. The evaluation of team performance according to Heinemann and Zeiss (2002) can be ensured by way of checking the actual output of team as against the targets or aims as set for the entire team. The evaluation of teams performance in organisational partnerships should be ensured by way of collectively assessing the performance of each and every team member rather than individual members within it. This will ensure the efficient assessment or evaluation of the entire teams effectiveness in accomplishing organisational goals (Heinemann and Zeiss, 2002). Skills and Abilities in Establishing Efficient Teams: In performing the establishment of efficient teams within organisation, it is highly essential that there should be certain basis skills and abilities that must be possessed. An analysis of the existing literature indicates that there are different kinds of skills and abilities that are needed in ensuring that efficient teams are established. According to Pearce and Conger (2002), leadership skill is the most crucial within team members and it is essential that this skill should be possessed in ensuring efficient establishment and management of teams within organisation (Pearce and Conger, 2002). Gibson and Cohen (2003) have indicated for various such skills and abilities that are essential on the part of team members in ensuring success within organisation. According to them, it is highly essential that there should be good interaction established through encouraging communication within team members and this requires efficient communication management skills and abilities within te ams. They should possess good negotiation abilities and strategies so that even complex organisational problems can be addressed in a positive way. Teams are also required to be highly diversified as suggested by Hopkins (2009) and this is mainly because the diverse teams have members from different backgrounds and they can achieve incremental benefits by contributing their knowledge and abilities. Such diversified teams include members from different backgrounds and their knowledge, skills and abilities would prove successful to organisations. Such inclusion of team members from diverse backgrounds also represents dynamic teams and they are crucial to efficient performance of entire teams within organisation. However, it is indicated important that each and every member as included within the team must possess good knowledge and abilities within them because this would ensure high performance work teams which are crucial in achieving success. Diversity and Social Constructs: The use of diversity and social constructs in the team formation is important. As suggested by Hopkins (2009) diversity is core factor to the success of team concepts within organisation because it enables the organisation in solving even the complex problems in a highly efficient way. This is mainly because of the application of diverse knowledge of such members from different backgrounds. The social constructs of different members also differs and this allows them in thinking in different ways to a common problem. The resulting impact is therefore better accomplishment of goals for which the organisation strives for. Thus, the cultural and social constructs are important as they determine the overall effectiveness of the team operating within organisation and also within organisational partnerships. Evaluation Models and Procedures: The final step in the overall performance of teams within organisation is the evaluation of their actual performance levels. There are models and procedures that could be applied for the purpose of evaluating the performance of teams within organisations. According to Lee (2007), shared mental models could be applied for the purpose of evaluating the performance of teams. In addition to this, it has been indicated that the measurement or evaluation of team performance depends on the nature of tasks in terms of their complexity levels. This is a crucial determining factor in terms of overall teams performance within organisation. In performing the evaluation of teams performance, the existing literature indicates about large number of performance measures that could be applied. According to Neely (2002), the management of performance of teams can be ensured by way of initially setting up standards for them. The setting up of standards should be followed by the assistance to the team m embers, and this can be in the form of training to the team members in enhancing their overall abilities and skills. This is followed by the actual evaluation of their performance which can be accomplished in the form of checking their actual performance and comparing them with the standards set for them. This procedure is highly effective in terms of achieving highly efficient measurement of performance within teams, and thereby in achieving positive level of contribution on their part towards teams performance. References Adkins, R. and Chambers, L. (2005), Standard Operating Procedures for All Doctors, SOPs Press. Black, R. (2004), Critical Testing Processes: Plan, Prepare, Perform, Perfect, Addison-Wesley Professional. Caporarello, L. (2014), Smart Organizations and Smart Artifacts: Fostering Interaction Between People, Technologies and Processes, Springer. Clegg, S.R., Hardy, C. and Nord, W.R. (2003), Handbook of Organization Studies, SAGE Publications Ltd. Daft, R. (2009), Management, 9th ed., Cengage Learning. Dew, J.R. (2008), Managing in a Team Environment, IAP. Evans, I. (2004), Achieving Software Quality Through Teamwork, Artech House. Finlay, L. (2004), The Practice of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy, Nelson Thornes. Griffin, R. and Moorhead, G. (2011), Organizational Behavior, 10th ed., Cengage Learning. Hoskisson, R., Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Harrison, J. (2012), Competing for Advantage, Cengage Learning. Hayes, P. (2011), Leading and Coaching Teams to Success: The Secret Life of Teams, McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Heinemann, G.D. and Zeiss, A.M. (2012), Team Performance in Health Care: Assessment and Development, Springer Science Business Media. Humphrey, W.S. and Over, J.W. (2010), Leadership, Teamwork, and Trust: Building a Competitive Software Capability. Addison-Wesley Professional. Hopkins, B. (2009), Cultural Differences and Improving Performance: How Values and Beliefs Influence Organizational Performance, Gower Publishing, Ltd. Keen, T.R. (2003), Creating Effective and Successful Teams, Purdue University Press. Kuglin, F.A. and Hook, J. (2002), Building, Leading, and Managing Strategic Alliances: How to Work Effectively and Profitably with Partner Companies, AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Katzenbach, J.R. and Smith, D.K. (2013), The Wisdom of Teams: Creating the High-Performance Organization, Harvard Business Press. Kuglin, F.A. and Hook, J. (2002), Building, Leading, and Managing Strategic Alliances: How to Work Effectively and Profitably with Partner Companies, AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Lee, M. (2007), Understanding Changes in Team-related and Task-related Mental Models and Their Effects on Team and Individual Performance, ProQuest. Mitchell, J.A. (2008), Teams Work, New Hope Publishers. Mark, S. (2009), Institutional Transformation through Best Practices in Virtual Campus Development: Advancing E-Learning Policies: Advancing E-Learning Policies, IGI Global. Nelson, S. (2009), Implementing for Results: Your Stragetic Plan in Action, American Library Association. Pride, W., Hughes, R. and Kapoor, J. (2013), Business, 12th ed., Cengage Learning. Pearce, C.L. and Conger, J.A. (2002), Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership, SAGE Publications. Parker, G.M. (2003), Cross- Functional Teams: Working with Allies, Enemies, and Other Strangers, 2nd ed., John Wiley Sons. Pauleen, D. (2004), Virtual Teams: Projects, Protocols and Processes, Idea Group Inc (IGI). Sutton, I. (2014), Process Risk and Reliability Management: Operational Integrity Management, 2nd ed., Gulf Professional Publishing. Sage, R. (2010), Meeting the Needs of Students with Diverse Backgrounds, AC Black. Sears, S.K. and Clough, R.H. (2010), Construction Project Management: A Practical Guide to Field Construction Management, 5th ed., John Wiley Sons. Wieringa, R. and Persson, A. (2010), Programming and Software Engineering, Springer Science Business Media. Wildman, J.L. and Griffith, R. (2014), Leading Global Teams: Translating Multidisciplinary Science to Practice, Springer.

The Monopoly game and its Innovation Essay Example

The Monopoly game and its Innovation Paper The monopoly game was invented as the Landlord game by Charles Darrow. It has many variations in the rules, elements, etc. Monopoly can teach you to sell the realty and to use money wisely. (Walsh 2004, p. 48) Recently, most manufacturers of the monopoly game have invented many its versions in which the property names as well as other game elements have been removed and other ones have been used in the same game. This method is considered to be an effective innovation strategy which could be used again and again. The monopoly game of the Hasbro Corporation is ‘the most popular board game in the modern world’, the Corporation owners claim. – ‘More than 500 million people have played this game since its invention’. ’ (Walsh 2004, p. 48) Moreover, the Hasbro Corporation has the experience of implementing different platforms in a game that also contributes to an effective innovation strategy. Innovation helps to refresh the game of monopoly. All game improvements and modifications are good. However, there are those ones which are much better than others. The Hasbro Corporation and other companies producing the monopoly game should keep in mind a simple rule: improve or lose in the modern competitive world. To my mind, it is necessary to make some changes in the property improvements. The world is changing dramatically and the monopoly game has to develop in order to fit the current realities too. 3. Conclusion. The coursework briefly analyzes the monopoly game and its innovation. The paper proves the effectiveness and necessity of innovation in refreshing the game of monopoly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Monopoly game and its Innovation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Monopoly game and its Innovation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Monopoly game and its Innovation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer References Walsh, T. (2004) ‘The Playmakers: Amazing Origins of Timeless Toys’. Keys Publishing, Page 48.

Free Essays on IQ Test

The task of trying to quantify a person’s intelligence has been a goal of psychologists since before the beginning of this century. The Binet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France and various sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of the important questions that always comes up regarding these tools is what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a person’s intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the person’s IQ? When examining the situations around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a group’s intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence. To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should be the same for everyone involved. If anything has been learned from the psychology of perception, it is clear that a person’s environment has a great deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the light flickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is the temperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in the worst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a person’s mind, it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyone’s body is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is it expected to get standardized results across all the subjects? Because of this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent of their environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot be viewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a person’s intelligence. It is obvious that a person’s intelligence stems from a variety of traits. A few of these that are often tested are reading comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial relations. But this is not all that goes into it. What about physical intelligence, conversa... Free Essays on IQ Test Free Essays on IQ Test The task of trying to quantify a person’s intelligence has been a goal of psychologists since before the beginning of this century. The Binet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France and various sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of the important questions that always comes up regarding these tools is what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a person’s intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the person’s IQ? When examining the situations around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a group’s intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence. To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should be the same for everyone involved. If anything has been learned from the psychology of perception, it is clear that a person’s environment has a great deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the light flickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is the temperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in the worst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a person’s mind, it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyone’s body is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is it expected to get standardized results across all the subjects? Because of this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent of their environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot be viewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a person’s intelligence. It is obvious that a person’s intelligence stems from a variety of traits. A few of these that are often tested are reading comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial relations. But this is not all that goes into it. What about physical intelligence, conversa...

Corpus Callosum and Brain Function

Corpus Callosum and Brain Function The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex lobes into left and right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres. The corpus callosum transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain hemispheres. Function The corpus callosum is the largest fiber bundle in the brain, containing nearly 200 million axons. It is composed of white matter fiber tracts known as commissural fibers. It is involved in several functions of the body including: Communication Between Brain HemispheresEye Movement and VisionMaintaining the Balance of Arousal and AttentionTactile Localization From anterior (front) to posterior (back), the corpus callosum can be divided into regions known as the rostrum, genu, body, and splenium. The rostrum and genu connect the left and right frontal lobes of the brain. The body and splenium connect the hemispheres of the temporal lobes and the hemispheres of the occipital lobes. The corpus callosum plays an important role in vision by combining the separate halves of our visual field, which process images separately in each hemisphere. It also allows us to identify the objects we see by connecting the visual cortex with the language centers of the brain. In addition, the corpus callosum transfers tactile information (processed in the parietal lobes) between the brain hemispheres to enable us to locate touch. Location Directionally, the corpus callosum is located underneath the cerebrum at the midline of the brain. It resides within the interhemispheric fissure, which is a deep furrow that separates the brain hemispheres. Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a condition in which an individual is born with a partial corpus callosum or no corpus callosum at all. The corpus callosum typically develops between 12 to 20 weeks and continues to experience structural changes even into adulthood. AgCC can be caused by a number of factors including chromosome mutations, genetic inheritance, prenatal infections, and other causes that are unknown. Individuals with AgCC may experience cognitive and communication developmental delays. They may have difficulty understanding language and social cues. Other potential problems include vision impairment, lack of movement coordination,  hearing problems, low muscle tone, distorted head or facial features, spasms, and seizures. How are people born without a corpus callosum able to function? How are both hemispheres of their brain able to communicate? Researchers have discovered that the resting state brain activity in both those with healthy brains and those with AgCC look essentially the same. This indicates that the brain compensates for the missing corpus callosum by rewiring itself and establishing new nerve connections between the brain hemispheres. The actual process involved in establishing this communication is still unknown.

The Jet Engine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Jet Engine - Essay Example Fuel and air is mixed and ignited inside the cavity of the engine. However, jet engines are different for other type of internal combustion engines, as they have no pistons. Jet engines have lesser moving parts as compared to the piston based internal combustion engine. The main parts of the jet engines or gas turbine engine are turbine, compressor, fuel ignition system and a connection rod that connects turbine and compressor. The compressor, ignition system (burner) and the turbines are the core of the jet engine. The word gas generator refers the core of the jet engines as hot gases are produced within the core of the jet engines. The compressor compresses the air inside the engine. The compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited. Due to the ignition, the fuel burns rapidly in the presence of air and hot gases rush out of the engine through the turbine. The turbine rotates as the hot gases rush out of the engine due to the aerodynamic energy (Birch 2001, p.74). Turbine and compressor are connected with a same shaft. The rotation of the turbine rotates the compressor that compresses more air into the engine. Jet engine output is evaluated with respect to the thrust it produces. Each jet engine in the aircraft produces thrust that makes the aircraft to move forward (Soares, 2008, p.67). The motion in the aircraft verifies Newton’s third law that states, â€Å"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction† (Holzner 2011, p.45). The thrust of the engine is in the backward direction that produces an opposite and equal amount of force in the airplane and airplane moves in the forward direction. Forward momentum allows the locomotive having jet engine to move in forward direction. Forward momentum depends on the net thrust. Net thrust of a jet engine makes the airplane or any other locomotive to move in the forward direction. However, in case when there is no forward momentum, the

St. Patrick's Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

St. Patrick's Day - Essay Example The first concerning the origins of the â€Å"potato famine† and, the second, the actions of scholarly textbook publishers that have no ethical issues with neglecting large chunks of relevant and important history. The Irish â€Å"Potato Famine† is usually described in textbooks and History classes as a terrible disaster, like an earthquake or a plague; something completely outside of human control. However, that is entirely not the case. The famine had far more to do with the harsh and negligent treatment of English landlords upon Irish farmers. The occurrence was not great â€Å"blight† or â€Å"an act of a God;† it was a physical act of human beings that caused the starvation among the poorer class at the time, which was sadly, the Irish (Bigelow 1). This is new information that is interesting to discover. The second issue, the fact that history books are printing edited or omitted historical events and it is so very common. If textbooks cannot be trusted to teach true and accurate history on any given subject, then how can we trust that information at all? What other topics and subjects might they be presenting a revisionist interpretation of? Ultimately, this discover y and its commonality are rather shocking. In the end, history is history; what happened, happened. There are both shameful and inspiring events in any country or cultures history. However the only way for people, as individuals and societies, can learn from their mistakes and move into a more enlightened future is to have access to our true history, our actions, for better or worse. By presenting a limited or vague interpretation of historical events, specifically such a significant and often misunderstood event, it diminishes the plight of these people and prevents us from looking at our history as a complete whole. The Irish have a rich history both in Europe and here in the United States and it is sad to know that large chunks

The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried Essay Some things in life become part of you. People, places, feelings; you can become so close that you are one. But sometimes, these things can consume you; swallow you whole. In Tim OBriens novel, The Things They Carried, many characters become one with the land of Vietnam. Vietnam consumes characters in different ways, but it always results in a characters unity with the land. Unity is defined as â€Å"the state of being one; oneness†. Kiowa physically becomes part of the land in â€Å"Speaking of Courage†, when he sinks into the shit field, where Jimmy Cross ordered his troops to camp out. In this case, Kiowa is literally swallowed by the land. Mary Anne becomes part of the land differently in â€Å"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong†. She becomes psychologically attached to the land; it consumes her mind and her life. Vietnam is dangerous and hungry. It will eat you alive. During Norman Bowkers flashback in â€Å"Speaking of Courage†, its learned that Jimmy Cross orders his platoon to camp out in â€Å"a big swampy field beside the river There was a ville nearby fifty meters downstream and right away a dozen old mama-sans ran out and started yelling bout how the field was bad news not a good spot for GIs. † (144, 145). Cross decides to set up camp, regardless, and â€Å"the rain kept getting worse by midnight the field turned into soup. † (145). A soldier soon realizes that â€Å"it was a shit field the village toilet. † (145). The Viet Cong troops attack the platoon, and hell breaks loose. â€Å" he heard somebody screaming It was Kiowa Kiowas wide open eyes settling down into the scum Kiowa was almost completely under There were bubbles where Kiowas should have been Kiowa was gone. † (148, 149). Kiowa gets sucked into the shit, and physically becomes part of Vietnam. Tim OBriens writing emphasizes Vietnam, the land itself, as a character. Vietnam does as it pleases; takes what it wants. It selfishly takes Kiowa away, so that both of them can be in unity until the end of time. However, unlike Kiowa, Mary Anne becomes psychologically one with Vietnam in â€Å"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong†. Rat Kiley tells a remarkable tale about an American war medic, Mark Fossie, who ships his girlfriend, Mary Anne, over to Vietnam to be with him. â€Å".. the guy sends her the money. Flies her over. This cute blonde just barely out of high school Comes right out to the boonies. † (90). The troops stationed at the medical base take a liking to Mary Anne; she reminds them of the girls back home. Time passes, and Mary Anne begins to evolve. Shes curious about everything, especially Vietnam; the people, the land and the war. â€Å"She was curious about things she liked to roam around asking questions She had a good quick mind The war intrigued her. The land, too, and the mystery. † (95, 96). Soon, Mary Anne hangs around with the elite Green Berets stationed at the medical base. She goes on ambush and patrols the wilderness with them. Mary Anne enters Vietnam as a naive child, but the land changes her into a brutal she-warrior. Vietnam infatuates her; it fills her body and soul with the desire to be free within its mysterious realm. â€Å" everything around it, the entire war, the mountains villages the trails and trees rivers and deep misted-over valleys Sometimes I want to eat this place. Vietnam. I want to swallow the whole country I just want to eat it and have it there inside me you cant feel like that anywhere else. † (111). Mary Anne loses herself to Vietnam. It consumes her, and she embraces it. She is bound to the land in perfect unity, until her dying day. â€Å"She had crossed to the other side. She was part of the land She was dangerous. She was ready for the kill. † (116). Vietnam is ravenous and can never satisfy its vicious hunger. It feeds on the minds, bodies, and souls of its prey by eating them alive. To be consumed by the land is to become one with it; joined in complete unity, both perfect and terrifying. Vietnam is shrouded in mystery and danger. If youre not careful, it may suck you in and never let you go.

Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay -- Advent

Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn't stand it no longer, I lit out." The aforementioned quotation best describes Huck's philosophy when faced with ties that bind. When he is unable to take the restrictions of life any longer, whether they be emotional or physical, he simply releases himself and goes back to what he feels is right and what makes him happy. Hence, one of the most prominent and important themes of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is freedom. Freedom not only from Huck's internal paradoxical struggle in defining right and wrong, but also freedom from Huck's personal relationships with the Widow Douglas and his father, as well as freedom from the societal institutions of government, religion, and prejudices. Throughout the story Huck is plagued with an internal moral dilemma of what he feels is right and what he is taught is right. Huck is possibly the only character in the story that operates solely on his own moral convictions. This produces significant conflict when the accepted rules of society, often corrupt in nature, are imposed upon him. The best example of this internal conflict is Huck's brief experiences with organized religion. The teachings by the Widow Douglas of the pathways to heaven are in constant conflict with Huck's own beliefs. Because of this, Huck readily rejects the teachings of organized religion, and therefore must often grapple with the undue guilt that this hypocritical heresy places on him. Such is the cas... ...eedom is essential to happiness. Twain ends the novel with a frustrated Huck stating; "Aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and sivilize me and I can't stand it. I been there before." Although the novel ends leaving the reader a sense that Huck is truly free, this concluding phrase subtlety, yet clearly, implies that the struggle for freedom is a never-ending one. Works Cited and Consulted Harris, Susan K. "Huck Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1990.   Trachtenberg, Alan. "The Form of Freedom in Huckleberry Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. Whitley, John S. "Kid's Stuff: Mark Twain's Boys." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990.

Under Armour Case Write Up

Problem Under Armour has become one of the most successful performance apparel brands in the United States. Despite its recent successes, Under Armour does have a few problems that could adversely affect its future sales. One general environment issue is how the current economic situation in the United States will affect Under Armour’s sales. As consumers change their buying habits it could hurt its sales severely. Two, Under Armour needs to consider how its lack of a diversified supply group impacts its bargaining power. Roughly 75 percent of its fabric is purchased from only six distributors.Three, the company should consider diversifying its product line beyond its current sports apparel majority. Under Armour doesn’t have as much brand recognition in spring/summer sports such as soccer and basketball. Lastly, Under Armour should be more aggressive in expanding to European and Asian markets. Currently, Under Armour heavily relies on U. S. market and there are tremend ous potential consumer power in Europe and Asia. General Environment Analysis There are a variety of different external factors that influence the amount of success Under Armour is able to achieve.One of the biggest factors negatively affecting the firm is within the economic sector. Consumers are spending less money in the retail market. This decrease in spending is causing a broader economic downturn. As a company who sells its products at premium prices, this downturn threatens to damage the company’s sales and decrease profits. There are also several different opportunities offered by the general environment. Under Armour products are useful to athletes. Regardless of the country in which a sport is played, high quality, breathable apparel and durable, innovative equipment are always useful.Because of the cultural transcendence of its products, Under Armour is pursuing international diversification. Their strategy is one of regionalization, allowing top managers within ea ch region to run almost like a subsidiary, reacting to local preferences and competitors. â€Å"Researchers have found that international diversification can lead to greater operational efficiency, which ultimately leads to higher financial performance. † The move toward a more global firm should help the firm to grow, increase profits, and improve brand recognition worldwide. Additional threats and opportunities facing Under Armour are exhibited in Appendix A.

Louis XIV and the Greatness of France by Maurice Ashley

For all of his foibles and eccentricities, King Louis XIV of France stands in history as an important and effective leader in 17th century France.   His impact on the course of French history is undeniable, and the story of his life and rise to power is fascinating to study.   One of the pivotal works on Louis XIV in the last several decades is â€Å"Louis XIV and the Greatness of France† by Maurice Ashley.   In this book review, Ashley’s work will be discussed within the historical context of 17th century France in an effort to better understand Louis XIV and the writing of Ashley himself. Overview of the Work Maurice Ashley, in writing â€Å"Louis XIV and the Greatness of France† created a work that is rich in historical details about the life and rule of the man who would come to be known throughout history as The Sun King (Ashley, 1965), combined with literary techniques and contemporary viewpoints, which will be presented in subsequent portions of this review. The work takes a biographical format, beginning literally with the conception of Louis XIV and following the course of his life and monarchy to its conclusion, and ultimately, discussing how France continued forward after the end of his life and reign.   In retrospect, Ashley’s book has come to be known as one of the pivotal modern writings about The Sun King as well as a highly regarded historical record. The Use of Descriptive Language in the Work Interestingly, Ashley uses vivid descriptive language to bring Louis XIV to life for the reader by describing his physical, emotional and monarchical presence, written in the third person.   In doing this, the reader is able to relate to Louis XIV as a character in the drama of French history, rather than just as a statistic or footnote to history.   Because of this, one gains additional insight into the psyche of the king, and can better evaluate his decisions and rule. A perfect example of personal information about Louis XIV comes in the form of a direct quote form deMotterville, one of Louis XIV’s contemporaries, when he observes: â€Å"I often noticed with astonishment that in his games and amusements, the king never laughed† (Ashley, 1965, p. 11).   The text is full of such quotes, which make the book more understandable and enjoyable. Central Theme of the Work If a central theme were to be assigned to Ashley’s book, it would be absolute power, or as historians would describe it, Absolutism, which is to say that Louis XIV sought to hold control of all of the government of France, which went against the parliamentary systems that other nations were adopting during this time (Ashley, 1965).   The author makes an excellent point when he implies that Louis XIV’s rule, which ran contrary to the popular opinion of the world at that time, did not continue despite France’s greatness, but because of it.   Not even an autocrat like Louis XIV could destroy the French empire. Use of Contemporary Viewpoints Ashley wisely utilized commentary from his contemporaries to add depth to â€Å"Louis XIV and the Greatness of France†.   By including modern leaders such as Winston Churchill as part of the book, Ashley cleverly brought hundreds of years of history into the modern arena of thought, again helping the reader to better understand Louis XIV in a present-day context. Summary In closing, what should be noted about Maurice Ashley’s â€Å"Louis XIV and the Greatness of France† is that the author wove literary technique and solid facts to create and informative and entertaining work that has withstood decades of scrutiny to become one of the pivotal works about this formative period in the history of France. References (Ashley, 1965) (Ashley Maurice 1965 Louis XIV and the Greatness of France)Ashley, Maurice (1965). Louis XIV and the Greatness of France. New York: Free Press.      

Essay on Improper BargainingEssay Writing Service

Essay on Improper BargainingEssay Writing Service Essay on Improper Bargaining Essay on Improper BargainingIssue: The issue is the possible agreement between parties concerning their pricing policies after their partnership has come to the end, since the agreement between the parties implies that they ex-partners will coordinate and agree their accounting policies for the year after the end of the partnership.Rule: the rule of reasonRule explanation: the rule of reason is the anti-trust law that aim at the prevention of price fixing and monopolization of the market, when such actions threaten to unreasonably restrain trade.Application: In case of partners, who have agreed to end up their partnership, there is the intention to fix price and maintain their monopolistic position in the Chicago area for a year. Therefore, the rule of reason can be applied to this case, even though partners limit their agreement by one year. In fact, the problem is that they attempt to fix prices and restrain trade in their industry by coordinating their pricing policies. In such a way, ex-partners virtually receive an effective tool, which they can use to maintain their monopolistic position in the market. There is no reason for such prolonged agreement on common accounting of ex-partners because their partnership has come to the end. Hence, partners are trying to breach the anti-trust law and the rule of reason should be applied to them.Conclusion: Thus, the case reveals the fact that the rule of reason is very important because one and the same policy may be interpreted in different ways. For example, the policy conducted by ex-partners would be reasonable and did not raise the issue of the violation of the anti-trust law but, after the end of their partnership such policies are unacceptable and liable to the rule of reason provisions.

6 Top Tips on How to Write a Business Plan - Proofed

6 Top Tips on How to Write a Business Plan - Proofed 6 Top Tips on How to Write a Business Plan Whether you’re a new startup or an established business with big ideas, preparing a business plan is the first step to ensuring success. But what do you need to know when writing one? 1. Know What You Want to Achieve Before you start writing a business plan, think about who it is for and what you want to achieve. All business plans set out a strategy and a step-by-step action plan, but exactly how you do this and what your plan should feature may depend on several factors. These include: Whether the plan is for internal (e.g., yourself or a manager) or external use (e.g., investors) Your objectives (e.g., securing funding or expanding into new markets) The period of time your business plan covers Once you know this, you can tailor your writing accordingly. For instance, if your plan involves securing outside investment, you may need to â€Å"sell† your business more strongly. You might even want to prepare slightly different plans for internal and external use. 2. Do Your Research A business plan is more than just an idea. It also needs to show the reader that you’ve considered all the circumstances involved in running a business. Consequently, as well as explaining what your business will do, consider how it fits into existing markets and who your main competitors will be. This will help you estimate the expenses and expected financial performance for your plan, which is also vital information. 3. Short Is Good You want your business plan to be read? Then try to make it as clear and concise as possible. Time is money, after all, and nobody is going to read a 100-page document, no matter how great the ideas within are. As such, it can help to focus only on the most important information in your plan. The report arrived. Its, um, comprehensive. You should also include an executive summary at the start of the document. This provides a brief overview of the key points of your plan. Ideally, this will encourage time-pressed readers to see what you have to say and give the rest of the plan a look! Think of it as a bit like a written elevator pitch. 4. Use Appendices If you’ve followed the advice in point three above, you may have cut some material from your business plan. But don’t chuck it in the trash just yet! Any additional research or information can be included in an appendix at the end of the document. This shows that you’ve done the hard work to prepare your plan without the main document becoming bloated. 5. Professional Formatting First impressions matter. And this means the presentation of your business plan matters, too. Make sure your plan looks professional by: Adding a title page Using page numbers and section headers Including visual aids (e.g., charts, graphs, or illustrations) Ensuring all fonts and formatting are clear and consistent None of this should come at expense of the content, which is far more important. But taking a little time to tidy up your plan will help the reader follow it and show you are serious about your work. 6. Proofread Carefully! Whether your plan is for internal or external use, you need to check it carefully before you are finished. Even small errors will look bad, and the editing process also gives you a chance to review the content. An extra pair of eyes can really help on this count, so feel free to get in touch with our team today.

Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment - Assignment Example Although solar energy has been in use for a long time, generating electricity from this source has not been fully adopted hence this has locked up great benefits associated with this alternative source of energy (Foster; Ghassemi, & Cota 47). Even though the solar energy is free, there are hindrances to achievement of this technology. For example, the cost of installation of solar harnessing equipment is extremely high. Also, the availability of solar energy fluctuate from place to another with some parts of the globe receiving maximum solar energy while others have low solar intensity. Also, solar availability is affected by the seasons and time of the day (YouTube). Implementation of this law will result to increase in efficiency of solar energy production since many people will invest in solar energy hence encourage innovation (Foster; Ghassemi, & Cota 47). Although the availability of solar energy may not increase, the efficiency of harnessing this energy will result to increase in the amount of power output lower cost of production (Boxwell 49). The cost saving on environmental management compensates the additional cost of generating solar energy on a large

Immigrant Parental Involvement in Education Research Paper

Immigrant Parental Involvement in Education - Research Paper Example All these among others are evidence of how school systems in Canada devalue immigrant parents. The culture held by Canadians in most cases tend to conflict with the culture of immigrant parents. In most cases, immigrant parents come in with different cultures which in most cases they greatly embrace and appear less reluctant parting with them. According to Brake (1997), acculturation theory supports the idea that immigrants tend to hold tightly unto the values of their cultures. On the other hand, the migrants avoid cross cultural contacts due to their ability to aggravate anxiety and uncertainty. This therefore plays a major role in creation of cultural incompetence which greatly limits parental involvement in contexts that are increasingly important to their children, including school and the expanding extra familial social world (Duncan, 2008). The study also portrayed that there were several barriers which limited immigrant parents from minority groups and those with less education to fully participate in their children's schooling. This is mainly due to the fact that they felt uncomfortable in an institutional setting and also held the notion that they were not very resourceful in their children's education. ... Additionally, immigrant parents with lower educational backgrounds and income were less likely to volunteer in school activities such as parent interviews. This played a role in creating a disconnection between the parents and their school children. Vickshard (1999) indicates that parent's socio economic status has a positive association with their involvement in school. On the other hand, parents with higher educational attainment are more likely to be involved in the school affairs of their children. The teachers were also more likely to stereotype minority immigrant parents based on their schooling experiences, history and culture. George (2000), states that, the teachers should not at any point discriminate any student or parent based on his or her culture, gender, status, religion or race. Therefore, Canadian teachers should change their negative perception towards immigrant parents and instead focus on embracing them despite their shortcomings. The study also indicated that lan guage barrier was also a major disadvantage and inhibitor to the parental involvement of immigrant parents. Most immigrant parents were not well placed in terms of communicating in English and therefore communication barrier grew out of it. As a result, it prompted less parental involvement in their children's schooling. According to Janice (1999), language is an important requirement which normally facilitates communication, as well as increasing one's confidence (Allan, 2005). For instance, if the immigrant parents in Canada were familiar with all the languages used in the country, it would therefore have been easier for them to communicate and thus uplifting their confidence. Consequently, their involvement in their children's schooling affairs would also increase.

Economics and Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics and Government - Essay Example More and more economies are opening themselves up for the free and unrestricted trade with partners from East and West. Countries like China and India have benefited a lot from the free trade and a drive towards globalization. Over the period of time, countries like China has been able to dominate the world trade market with exporting their goods and services to other countries. Though the free trade offers important benefits to improve the overall economic conditions of rich and poor countries however, it can also serve as an important deterrent for war. Globalization and integration of economic interests of the countries make it relatively difficult for countries to fight with each other. The complex nature of international free trade and how the economic interests are intricate with each other make it extremely difficult for the countries to wage war against each other. This paper will argue and discuss that free trade stops war between countries. Globalization and Free Trade Glob alization has emerged as one of the most important forces of change during recent times. What started as an economic move to open the borders and allow free trade has now made inroads into other fabrics of the society also. More importantly, changes are being observed at socio-political level where smaller and developing countries are transitioning towards democracy and improved economic performance. It is critical to note that globalization is really a diverse term and to define it appropriately may be a difficult task. Over the period of time, the explanations as well as the impact of globalization has really widened. Globalization, initially focused upon ensuring developing mechanisms and processes which can be put in place to allow nations to trade with each other with no or very restricted barriers to entry. Â  (Chanda, 2007) As a result of this drive towards the free trade, many nations including China and India benefited from open economies. Since developing countries are es sential providers of raw material and also possess cheap labor therefore the overall benefit was perceived to be transferred to poor countries. Through globalization, poor countries were allowed to benefit from their raw materials and cheap labor sources. Apart from this, poor countries also benefited from the transfer of technology which took place due to globalization. Developed countries, in order to avail the benefit of cheap labor and raw materials actually helped transfer of technology to the poor countries to take advantage from the latest technology to manufacture goods in more efficient manner. (Escobar, 2006) One of the moves towards achieving the free trade and ensure further trade liberalization, World Trade Organization was founded. World Trade Organization or WTO is considered as the apex body which formulates the rules of the game when it comes to trade between the countries and also monitor the same. WTO not only creates the agreements which reduce the barriers to en sure free trade between the countries but also mediate the disputes between countries arising due to trade. (Moore and Lewis, 2009) The overall debate on free trade and what are its pros and cons actually are based upon two set of important arguments. One set of arguments is based upon the moral arguments and other set of arguments is purely based upon the economic impacts of free trade. The moral set of arguments was based upon the assumption that the free

Strategies and public relations of Hilton

Strategies and public relations of Hilton In todays vital range of competitive business environment there has been a shift from traditional marketing towards more varied approaches. In particular there has been a change from transactional to relationship management in marketing. I certify that this assignment is my own work, based on my personal study and or research. I have acknowledged all material and sources used in the preparation of this assignment, including any material generated in the course of my employment. I have not copied in part, or otherwise plagiarised, the work of other students. I have read and I understand the criteria used for assessment. The assignment is within the word and page limits specified in the unit outline. In other words, the use of any material in this assignment does not infringe the intellectual property/copyright of a third party. I did very hard work for this assignment and full concentrate on my work. I did try to do my best. Hilton worldwide is the leading global hospitality company, spanning the lodging sector from luxurious full-service hotels and resorts to extended -stay suites and mid priced hotels. For 90 years, Hilton worldwide has been offering business and leisure travellers the finest in accommodations, service, amenities and value. The company is dedicated to continuing its tradition of providing exceptional guest experiences across its global brands. Its brands care comprised of its more than 3,300 hotels in 77 countries and include Waldorf Astoria hotels and resorts, Conrad hotels and resorts, Hilton double tree, Embassy suite hotels, Hilton garden Inn, Hampton Inn and suites, Homewood suites by Hilton and Hilton Grand vacations. The company also manages the world-class guest reward program Hilton HHonors. Hilton Hotels properties are renowned for their convenient and strategic locations within major countries throughout the world. Also synonymous with the brand are the high level of persona l service guest receive, and the extensive range of comprehensive business facilities available in luxurious settings. This hotel is built in 1963 as a showcase for international guests; this stunning New York City hotel has warmly welcomed families visiting the worlds fair, representatives attending political conventions and certain Fab Faur from England, coming to appear on the Ed Sullivan Show. With a multilingual staff of professionals, a wide choice of elegantly appointed accommodations, this extraordinary NYC hotel looks forward to continuing its legacy of service and guest satisfaction. MARKETING The marketing function is the study of market forces and factors and the development of a companys position to optimize its benefit from them. It is all about getting the right product. There is a difference between sales and marketing, marketing people deal with markets that contain many potential customers, and they talk to them as a group. Whereas profit or service to the customer at the right place at the right time. Marketing is much more than just advertising or PR. Its a way of doing things that starts with a potential customer and ends up with a profit. In the middle are competitors who are after the same customers and same profits. In the business as a marketing person, its necessary to use some proven tools and techniques to attack the competition and gain the customers. Marketing is the process where a company satisfies customer needs with a product and service at a price that generates a salespeople deal with a few customers and talk to them one at a time. According to me Marketing is a body of knowledge concerned with the relationship of a business to the marketplace. This market place is made up of customers, potential customers, competitors, suppliers, distribution channels, communication media and government regulations. It is a key of discipline that enables the producers of goods and services to interpret customer wants, needs and desires and match, or exceed them, in delivery to their target consumers. Marketing is also a mixture of all the activities of advertising promotion, publicity, deciding the look and feel of the product, how it will be sold and send to the consumer etc .All of these are the different parts of the marketing, they are not marketing. According to Philip Kotler (2006), Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Eric Davies and Barry Davies (2 edition), Institute of Management, Successful Marketing in a week, Marketing is the identification and profitable satisfaction of customers needs'. The Charted Institute of Marketing, Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. We define marketing management as the analysis, planning, implementation and controls of programs designed to create, build and maintain beneficial exchange with target buyers for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives. According to Bennett (1995), The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational goals. According to handouts The American Marketing Association defines marketing as, The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational goals. Facets of Marketing: Marketing has two sides first is philosophy, an attitude, a perspective or a management orientation that stress customer satisfaction. Second marketing is a set of emotions used to implement this philosophy. This is the marketing process. In hospitality marketing, the product is the experience of the guests. This experience has both a goods component (like food) and an interactive component, which we call service. In practice, hospitality employees become part of the product (experience). Another way every employee is part of the guests experience, because the typical hospitality organisation is highly personal and interactive. APPROACHES TO MARKETING Product orientation: Product orientation means focuses on the internal capabilities of the hotel rather than on the desires and needs of the marketplace. The benefits offered by a product or service can include: Convenience and accessibility. Good after-sales technical support and advice. Comfort and ease of use. Accountability- the knowledge that if things go wrong, the manufacturer will put them right. Courtesy and helpfulness of staff. Attractive, appropriate and efficient design and packaging. Peace of mind- the knowledge that you can trust the hotel, that your needs are understood and the good or service you have purchased will not let you down. Sales orientation: A sales orientation is based on the ideas that people buy more goods and services. In marketing a product is important to establish a unique selling proposition which sets business, brand or product ahead of the competition. Creating a unique selling proposition is particularly important in providing services. Unique selling propositions are usually set out in advertising. Therefore, the focus of a sales orientation is still the product, or what an operation has to offer. Marketing orientation: Marketing is based on the ideas how the product comes out in the market. The right place is profitable for the product. It focuses on customer wants and needs and integrating all the organisations activities, including production, to satisfy these wants. Achieving long-term goals for the organisation by satisfying customer wants and needs legally and responsibly. Societal Marketing Orientation: The Societal Marketing Orientation is the newest marketing concept. This concept holds that the organisation should determine the needs, wants and interests of target markets and deliver the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently that competitors in a way that maintains or improves the consumers and societys well being, whether the marketing concept is adequate in the age of environmental problems, resources shortage, rapid population growth, worldwide inflation and neglected social services. The pure marketing concept ignores possible conflicts between short run consumer wants and long run societal needs. Like a Hotel, Hotel chains have established no-smoking floors and no smoking sections in their restaurants. Fast-food restaurants that practice the societal marketing concept pursues more environmentally sound packaging and produce foods with more nutritional value. Resort developers must consider the impact on the environment not only of their initial construction but also of the disposal of waste products and their use of water. MARKETING PLAN Marketing plan is designed to implement the strategies chosen at the corporate and strategic business unit levels. Writing a marketing plan of the hotel allows you to examine the hotel environment in conjunction with the inner working of the business. The marketing plan allows the marketing manager to enter the market place with an awareness of possibilities and problems. The development of a marketing plan every year is also important because good strategies are equal to success. It is noted that the long term effect of a marketing plan is hard to measure with precision. Ronald McDonald and Santa Claus have such things as long term effects. Elements of Marketing Plan Current Situation: Its important to assess market trends and the competition. These days, most forward thinking marketing people also involve salespeople to help their understanding. This is because sales people have an intimate knowledge of individual customers and competitors. Marketing Objectives: This is to help potential customers understand what your business does. It includes brochures, presentations and website. Salespeople should use these to describe the business and explain the benefits of your products to individual customers. There are all important goals to determine which ones you want to achieve first, second and so on and which are most easily and effectively executed. Swot Analysis: The total evaluation of a hotels strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats is called SWOT analysis. The best marketing people know exactly what they are good at, and what they are not so good at their strengths and weaknesses, it comes in internal analysis of hotel. In strategic planning opportunities and threats come in external analysis of the hotel. Competitor Analysis: Every business has competitors and its good for combined spend on promotion and advertising increases the size and growth of the market. It must understand that who is competitors, things like location, business size, website, product information and their target customer groups. Must spend time working out their strengths and weaknesses. Monitor their website every month and keep an eye open for them in a press. Try and work out what they are trying to achieve and where they are going. Try and guess how much they depend on a particular product or market. Market Research: Marketing people have come to rely too much on research, and they use it as a drunkard uses a lamppost for support, rather than for illumination. David Ogilvy Its important to know about existing and potential customers and need to establish basic information about them. Advertising and promotions assessment Market tracking Customer satisfaction Market segmentation Target Markets: It depicts which markets are most worthwhile and important for organisation. Marketing Tools: Its important to develop a sort of shopping list of the promotional tools organisation use and what budget organisation will devote to customers. Monitoring: Organisation will need to decide how it is going to monitor its performance. Monitoring is an important phase of the marketing process. SWOT Analysis HHC, like all major hotel corporations, is continuing to recover from the events of Sep.11th. This tragic human event also delivered a financially devastating blow to the travel industry as a whole and to the hotel industry in particular. In order to fully recover and thrive in the coming years, HHC must assess its overall all strengths and weaknesses as it moves forward through the new millennium. The following SWOT Analysis sheds some light on some of the pitfalls and opportunities that await the Hilton Hotels Corporation. Strengths Strengths are the positive aspects and distinctive attributes; It provides a significant market advantage. Strength is essential part and power of the hotel. Brand Recognition: Hilton has a good reputation and their name is well known. Hilton is a leader in the hotel industry. Its good to make their product, their packaging and their tangibles look different to those of their competitors, it is essential to make them support their brand values. Demand-Supply gap: Hotel remains proper gap in demand and supply products. It gives good results to the hotel and get promotion. Diversification of products: Hilton is more than hotels. They also generate revenue from gaming and entertainment. By being involved more than one industry. Hilton has a benefit of drawing from one part of its business if another part becomes less lucrative. Gaming and entertainment (as well as hotels) serve different customers needs. While this diversity does not automatically insure success, it does help the company to balance out its profits across three areas of the business. Hilton Hotel Corporation (HHC) is a well established organization and industry leader in the hotel, hospitality and gaming industry HHC is well diversified across the industry with hotels in the high end, business and mid-priced classes in their product mix Brand recognition HHC also possesses solid integration features such as owning the companies that manufacture its furniture and has invested in online reservation travel enterprises Hotel facilities: Hilton Hotel has a full service spa, a health club, an outdoor-pool, a steam room, a sauna, wireless and wired high speed internet access is available in public areas. The luxury properly features two restaurants for surcharge, guest receive, transportation including an airport shuttle and an area shuttle. Guest parking is complimentary. Event facilities consist of a ball room and conference/meeting rooms. The staff can arrange concierge services, wedding services, event catering. Guest Rooms features coffee/ tea makers and complimentary bottle water. Bathroom offers separate bathtubs and showers with handheld showerheads, phones, scales. All guest rooms are non-smoking. There are no room charges for children 12 years old and younger who occupy the same room as their parents or guardians, using existing bedding. The following fees and deposits are charge by property at time service, check -in check-out. In last, laundry facility, massage-spa treatment room and wheel chair are also available. Hilton Hotels are known for a high level of comfort and prestige. The Port of San Diego and Hilton are planning to develop a 1200-room hotel on the waterfront adjacent to the San Diego Convention Canter. The prestigious Hilton Malta promises the best in accommodation and a high standard of service for which Hilton hotels are renowned. For business or pleasure the Homewood suites by Hilton hotels are designed with all the comforts of home in mind. The Hotels are the Official Hotel Group of UK Athletics and the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Athletics Team. Hilton Hotels are now building computer files on customer preferences using a system called On Q, pronounced on cue. The Hotels are known across the globe and offer a choice of 2700 quality hotels in the UK, Europe, Asia, America, Africa and Australia. Hotel chain: Hilton Hotel develops many countries. This is the deluxe hotel in the Newyork city. Hotel chain is vital part of the strengths of the hotel. Hilton hotel is worldwide. Customer Satisfaction: Customer satisfaction with a purchase depends upon the products performance relative to a buyers expectations. A customer might experience various degrees of satisfaction. If the products performance falls short of expectations, the customer is dissatisfied. If performance matches expectations, the customer is satisfied. If performance exceeds expectations, the customer is highly satisfied or delighted. Expectations are based on customers past buying experiences. Hotel strengths with customer satisfaction as table setting, better offers, easy switch suppliers, location and good management team etc. Weaknesses HHC may be two narrowly focused making it vulnerable to a downturn in the global economy and other world-wide catastrophes that could limit global travel such as the bird-flu and a significant terrorist strike HHC may be vulnerable to workers strikes and crack down on undocumented workers in the U.S. Most of its holdings are in the U.S. Opportunities HHC should offer an array of distinctive and specialized services to the high end guests and high rollers such as Wedding planning hosting Spas that specialize in personal services Personal trainers HHC should look to expand into or acquire a cruise line A cruise ship is little more than a hotel that floats this would essentially match what it currently does with its leased properties Gaming activities would escape regulation, etc. Take advantage of emerging markets, especially with business class and mid-priced markets Threats HHC must be careful not overextend its efforts to mix entertainment and gaming Also the extension of credit and other side effects of gaming can slowly but surely nibble away profits September 11th was a major blow to the hotel industry. A similar event could result in another down turn. The hotel has many competitors like the Oberai Towers, the Marine Plaza, The Orchid, Le Meridian etc. Relationship Marketing: Relationship Marketing involves using methods and tactics to develop long term relationship with customers in order to retain them. An organisation must exceed customer satisfaction to develop a healthy relationship with customers. Traditional transactional marketing involved the organisation focusing all of its marketing efforts on attracting the customer for one off sales. Company must put into place tactics to attract customers. To attract customers promoting the product and brand, offering good quality products, services and competitive prices. Attracted customers to be retained with organisation. Methods used to retain customers include Loyalty cards, a good customer service, product variety and quality. (Handout) Marketing Strategies Marketing strategies are the means by which marketing objectives will be achieved and are generally concerned with the seven elements of the marketing mix. It deals with pricing, selling, and distributing a product .Using a market development strategy, a company or business unit can capture a larger share of an existing market for current products through market saturation and market penetration or develop new markets for current products. What a company wants to accomplish, in terms of such things as market share and volume, is a marketing objective. How the company intends to go about achieving its objectives is strategy. Strategy is the overall route to the achievement of specific objectives and should describe the means by which objectives are to be reached, the time programme and the allocation of resources. There is clear distinction between strategy, and detailed implementation, or tactics. The following headlines indicate the general content of strategy statements in the area of marketing which emerge from marketing literature:- Policies and procedures relating to the products to be offered, such as number, quality, design, branding, packaging, positioning and labelling, etc. Pricing levels to be adopted, margins and discount policies Advertising, sales promotion, direct mail, call centres and the internet, along with The mix of these, the creative approach, the type of media, type of displays, the amount to spend, etc. What emphasis is to be placed on personal selling, the sales approach. Sales training, etc. The distributive channels to be used and the relative importance of each Service levels, etc., in relation to different segments. Marketing Mix In marketing, one such conceptual framework that is particularly useful in helping practitioners structure their thinking about marketing problems is called marketing mix. To devise a product or service which will be seen as different in the eyes of prospective customers, to the point where they will prefer it to all competing substitutes, is obviously the ultimate objective of the marketer. Marketing professionals and specialist use many tactics to attract and retain their customers. These activities comprise of different concepts, the most important one being the marketing mix. There are two concepts for marketing mix: 4P and 7P. It is essential to balance the 4Ps or the 7Ps of the marketing mix. The concept of 4Ps has been long used for the product industry while the latter has emerged as a successful proposition for the services industry. According to John O Shaughnessey (1984), Product, price, promotion and distribution are factors that, within limits, are capable of being influenced or controlled. Marketing strategy can be viewed as reflecting a marketing mix of these four elements .The marketing mix is at the core of marketing. The marketing mix consists of the key decisions where marketing managers should exhibit their greatest expertise and professionalism. It has become common to summarize the elements of the marketing mix in the 4Ps- product, price, promotion and place. The seven Ps of marketing mix can be discussed as: Product Expand the line Change performance, quality or features Consolidate the line Standardize design Positioning Change the mix Branding. Price Change price, terms or conditions Skimming policies Penetration policies Promotion Change advertising or promotion Change the mix between direct mail, call centres, the internet Change selling. Place Change delivery or distribution Change service Change channels Change the degree of forward or backward integration. People People refer to the customers, employees, management and everybody else involve in it. Realize reputation of the brand Process Methods and process of providing a service Must be helpful to customers Physical (Evidence) Experience of using a product or service Brochures, Pamphlets PUBLIC RELATIONS Public relations (PR) is an important marketing tool that until recently was treated as a marketing stepchild. PR is moving into an explosive growth stage. Advertising costs continue to rise, while audience reach continues to decline. Advertising clutter reduces the impact of each ad. Sales promotion costs have also increased as channels intermediaries demand lower prices, better commissions and deals. The creative use of new events, publications, social events, community relations and other PR techniques offers companies a way to distinguish themselves and their products from their competitors. A simple definition of public relations is the development of and maintenance of good relationships with different publics. The publics are the range of different groups on which an organization is dependent. These include employees, investors, suppliers, customers, distributors, legislators/regulations/governments, pressure groups, the community, the media and even competition. Most of these groups have different interests in any particular organization. Public relations integrate with most aspects of an organizations activities. Public relations communication tools News Generation One of the most widely used is the generation of news. News is best structured around a story which can incorporate information about an organization or its products. Events Organizations can also gain peoples attention through staging or sponsoring Events. These can range from simple news conferences and seminars to exhibitions, competitive activities, anniversary dinners and stunts. All are likely to gain media coverage and draw attention to the sponsoring organizations name. They can also aid the achievement of credibility or establish images with which an organization would like to be associated. Events are also good opportunities to develop relationship with suppliers, opinion leaders and associates, as well as customers. Publications An organizations publications are another method of communication in which public relations will have an active interest. Sales support material is an obvious example, which can include brochures, manuals and presentations, usable by all personnel who have contact with the outside world. Annual reports, other public interest communiquà ©s, and special publications such as cookery books and childrens stories also provide vehicles for influencing both customers and those who can affect customers perceptions. Internal audiences and significant stakeholders are often addressed by organizational newsletters and magazines. Support for good causes Organizational support for good causes is another means of promoting an image and associating an organization with a certain set of values. This can include charity donations in return for product coupons, the sponsorship of public service activities such as festivals, and individual executives support for local community interests such as educational establishments, hospitals or crime prevention. All these provide many opportunities for publicity elsewhere. Expert opinion Individuals within an organization can also act as sources of expert opinion for journalists, public enquiries or other forms of research and investigation. Public relations managers may seek to promote the expertise in their organization through the dissemination of contact lists, and by grooming individuals interviewing and presentational skills. Visual identity Organizations also often seek to establish a visual identity through conformity of design or logos. While design can make it easier for customers to recognize an organizations products when they come across one, logos and other identification marks can be more important for internal markets as a means of signifying change or commonalty of purpose. Market Position and Services Hilton Hotels is one of the market leaders in the hotel and gaming industry in the United States. Hilton is a well-known and distinguished name in fine hotels across the United States and worldwide. In 1999, Hilton expanded aggressively by acquiring the Promus Hotel Corporation, Hampton Inn and Suites, Doubletree Hotels, Embassy Suites Hotels, and Homewood Suites. Hilton Hotels Corporation has grown to become the worlds most recognized and most successful hotel company (Hilton Innovation, 2007). With the 2006 acquisition of Hilton International, Hilton Hotels Corporation became a global force with more than 2,800 hotels in more than 80 countries throughout the world (2007). Marketing Mix theory on Hilton Hotel The marketing mix is essentially a conceptual framework that is particularly useful in helping practitioners structure their thinking about marketing problems is called marketing mix. To devise a product or service this will be seen as different in the eyes of customers. There are many different approaches to the marketing mix like 7ps. Product: There is no point in developing a product or service that no one wants to buy; it becomes first what to offer first. Hilton hotel find out what customers need or want and then develop the right product-with the right level of quality to meet those needs now and in the future. Their product is not tangible. Their perfect product must provide value for the customer. They regularly check customers satisfaction about product and their services. They also provide product of best quality to their customer. Price: Hotels price is competitive but not cheapest This business is able to compete with other larger rivals by adding extra services or details that is offer customers better value for money. . Their pricing must also provide a profit. It is the only element of the marketing mix that generates revenue everything else represents a cost. The price is used by many buyers as an indicator of quality. Promotion: It does not mean communicating just their customers. They ensure their internal stakeholders are aware of the value and attributes of their products. Hotel communicating effectively to his staff/ fellow employees so that they can be knowledgeable and share expertise with their customers. The employees look regularly at the products that account for the highest percentage of their sales. Process: Hotels process is good because customer does not see how their business runs, customers will see the work. The process of giving a service and the behavior of those who deliver are crucial to customer satisfaction. Its process is best. Never customer waited for their products, they never waste their time. They provide right information of the product to customers and the staff is helpful to them at every time. Customers keep happy by staff. There is no value in making the rest of the company run perfectly if this part is faulty. This P could be great source of competitive advantage if used wisely. Physical Evidence: Hotel provides facilities such as clean, tidy and well-decorated reception area to reassure. They also delivered financial services product in a formal setting, while a childrens birthday entertainment company adopt a relaxed approach. Although customer cannot experience the service before purchase but they talk to other people with experiences of the service. Their views do not come from the company. This Hotel engages these customers and asks for their feedback, so that they can develop reference materials. New customers can then see testimonials and are more likely to purchase with confidence. Physical presence, style, location and decoration of the hotel grabs attention, interest and, to some, creates the desire to enter and explore. People: Anyone who comes into contact with hotels customers will make an impression and that can have a profound effect-positive or negative-on customer satisfaction. The reputation of hotels brand rests in their peoples hands. So they are appropriately trained, well motivated and have the right attitude. Hotels all employees who have contact with their customers are not only properly trained, but also the right kind of peop