Naturalization of Undocumented Immigrant

Prof. Alexandru November 18, 2013 Communications Immigration Laws Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to Central Idea: The immigration system needs to be reformed. Introduction l. â€Å"Give us your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. † These words are engraved on the Statue of Liberty that was assembled in 1886. The statue was meant to be a beacon of hope for all immigrants that enter the U. S. Hope for opportunities, a better life, a better home. But can we really say that's what they are given?II. A big issue that has been focused on lately by the government is Immigration law reform. For this speech I have done research about immigration laws and how they affect undocumented immigrants. Ill. A recent study conducted by the Pew Research Center in Washington, D. C. has found that there has been an increase of unauthorized immigrants in the United States since the end of recession in 2009, which means there a lot more people that live in the United States that will be affected.This can also be said that everyone in California can be affected by these laws because we are a border state, which usually get a larger influx of immigrants. ‘V. Today I would like to tell you about the serious issues with present day mmigration laws and persuade you to help reform them. First I will explain what immigration laws are and their purposes. Then I will tell you about some of those laws, and how they affect undocumented immigrants and society. And I will end with why and how you can help to make a difference. Body (So what are immigration laws? ) l.Immigration laws were created to regulate who and what may come into the United States. According the National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers, this is to protect us in four different major ways: public safety, public health, Jobs, and national ecurity. A. Ever since 1960, creating laws based on public safety, is to ensure that immigrants that may be potential prostitute s, polygamists, sexual deviates, or criminals would not be allowed to cross our borders. B. For Public Health, there are laws that prevent contagious diseases epidemics or people with potentially dangerous mental diseases.C. To ensure our Jobs are secure, laws are created to keep immigration from depressing wages too much. D. And National Security – Foreigners who would harm the country cannot come here, but the definition of who terrorists, for instance. Now let's talking about some actual immigration laws) V. Immigration laws vary on circumstances and we have to remember that every law always have exceptions. Every law also has flaws. Now I'm going to tell you about two laws that I found alarming. A. The Center for Immigration Studies estimates that close to 400,000 US citizens marry a non-U.S. citizen. When a United States' citizen gets married to a person from a different country, there is a long process that the couple has to go through to prove their marriage and plenty of petitions need to be filled out to gain citizenship. A. l . The process and analysis of the couples were not at all alarming me until I ran across an article that went into detail about transgender spouses, who not only had to deal with the naturalization process but also the process specifying their gender.

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Using Social Media Essay

The advantages: Based on my own experiences, there are several advantages for marketers to use social media as part of their marketing communications strategies. Social media represent a revolutionary new trend in communication. More and more people begin to use social media to communicate. It is freer, more convenient, faster and cheaper than the old ways, people also can get more information what they want, what is more, people can get in touch with their friend easier. For the company, it can face to their target market precisely. Social media hold a great deal of customers’ information, through the information that people share, company can easily know customers’ hobbits and the goods they like. Social media also increase the communication between customers and marketers. Company can get lots of users’ feedback information and use that information to improve their product. It also help the organization leave a good impression in customers’ minds. One of the most important things is that social media not only can help companies advertising well but also nearly have no costs. What social media bring for the company cannot be measured but the cost of it is really low. It lowers the company’s advertisement costs. Read more:  Essay on advantages and disadvantages of social media Disadvantages: Based on my own experience, the disadvantages or risks for marketers in using social media as part of their marketing communications strategy are as follows. Company’s web page can be attacked by hackers and viruses; it may lose company’s important information, company may lose their competitive advantages. Customers can be deceived by the false information online and the extra information may let them get annoyed. The negative comments may damage companies’ image. The use of the internet may cause the reduction of production efficiency, because employees may busy use the internet to solve the problem online or update their software so that waste times. Company should learn how to handle a social media and that may waste company’s time. Because the social media is not a â€Å"face to face† communication, so it can have many incredible situations, the information may be not real, the likelihood of people been fooled are greatly increased.

Managing children on watching television

Managing children on watching television The definition for television is a system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens, primarily used to broadcast programs for entertainment, information, and education. The history of television comprises the work of numerous engineers and inventors in several countries over many decades. The first practical demonstrations of television, however, were developed using electromechanical methods to scan, transmit, and reproduce an image.As electronic camera and display tubes were perfected, electromechanical television gave way to ll-electronic systems in nearly all applications. Commercially available since the late 1920s, the television set has become commonplace in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a vehicle for advertising, a source of entertainment, and news. In 2009 78 percent of the world's households owned at least one television set, an increase of 5% over 2003. Television can be used in ma ny ways, such as entertainment, information, and education.Television can be bad but it can be good if we know how to manage with it. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry states that television viewing can be a powerful influence in eveloping value systems and shaping behavior. Most of us are aware that Sesame Street teaches children who are ready for it, letters and numbers. Research on children's behavior, school performance, weight, sleeping habits, and brain development back up the assertion that TV is harming our children.Violent behavior, research has shown that the more hours children spend watching TV, the more likely they are to display aggressive impulses and hostile feelings. This effect has been found to apply whether the televised behavior is performed by a human or by a cartoon character. And aggressive impulses have been found to occur with girls s well as boys and with teenagers and adults as well as children. There are also other behavior that alm ost likely to occur when we let our children watch television such as, kids who watch more TV start smoking at an earlier age, exposure to alcohol use on TV and in music videos (such as on MTV).As a parents what can we do to teach our children to view television as a treat or special entertainment. Many of the following suggestions come from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the first one is observe, how do our children act after watching television? Do the certain behavior increase or decrease? After observing you can decide whether to eliminate certain program or not, short term effects are easier to observe but, long term effects are far more difficult.Listen to our child also can help them to share what are they thinking about the show and let them share their feeling about, by listening we also can ask question and help them to think about what theyVe seen, process it, and clarify values. Monitor the shows children and adolescents are viewing, most programs should be informat ional, educational, and nonviolent. Choose shows that engage through challenging and interesting content, rather than flashy graphics and oise. Make sure programs are age and developmentally appropriate.Provide alternatives, when your child says I'm bored, does it become your problem? Or is it an incentive for your child to be creative? Are the raw materials for creativity available? hobbies, and creative play. There are lots of ways to manage children on watching TV shows. We Just need to learn and do research about how to manage rather than shut the TV and ask your children to study. There is a way to do it. Lastly, manage your children on watching TV well is the key to control their behavior.

Organization and Governance of Higher Education Essay

Organization and Governance of Higher Education - Essay Example This paper outlines that the governance and the organization of the internal structure of the university require in-depth analysis of power and its exercise in organization. It requires incorporation of the leadership studies, political theories, and analysis of how formal or informal the interaction between the organizations are in terms of management of conflict, and analysis of tension between bureaucratic and professional authority. These perspectives confirm that structures, while necessary are not sufficient to manage the kind of conflict that emerges as tension between bureaucratic and professional authority. It requires special skill set and combination to manage the conflict that emerges in colleges and universities. Understanding less formal and more contingent ways to deal with these conflicts seem to be the most promising avenues for governing higher education. Governing requires understanding of works and forces that shape the behavior of those who govern to give the sou ndest analytical platform from which to begin. The system which provides information about how power and authority are exercised is what governing is about, and requires and analysis of the structures, procedures and outcomes. Governing implies how people work within the structures of the formal authority to reach a decision. Governing which is the exercising power and authority is more important than the governance. From this discussion it is clear that the recent trends indicate that the capitalism, academic style is reshaping its focus and forms of academic production and governance. This emerging trend of entrepreneurial orientation affects the function which has become a priority in the governance. This has also been impacted by the change in the structure of the professional employment in the academy from full time dominant faculty to part time faculty and full time support professional.

Organizational Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Organizational Behavior - Research Paper Example Other than waiting for the workers to seek out clarifications, information, the management will approach them in a direct manner for purposes of asking about their informational needs. For instance, most meetings within the organization end with meeting leaders asking for questions and requests. I encourage that management and supervisors move such questions to the start of all meetings. The switch tells workers that their concerns and questions are important as compared to impending meeting agenda. It is critical to developing opportunities in which more informal time is presented to employees while interacting with the management. Employees often hesitate from interrupting the busy bosses for asking small things including the information needs. Managers providing opportunities within Casual work conversations help employees feel comfortable and needed with the elements of sharing the information needs. Lastly, the approach improves the quality of the meetings. The general suggestions from running better meetings are acquired. Staff relations are involved in the planning of meetings and advancing maximum efficiency (Grandey, Diefendorff & Rupp, 2013, page 121). The organizer meeting will be sending out agendas as well as supporting materials prior the meeting. Assigning time limits in the discussion items on the agenda will avoid lengthy deviations within meeting purposes. It is relevant to ensure that there is certainty in establishing rules for managing meetings within the o rganization without side conversations. Fair performance evaluation of employees involves a range of considerations. To achieve honest and fair assessments of employees, it is important to keep them up to par with the organizational expectations. Judging employees with respect to unclear or outdated criteria is unfair. Further, job priorities and descriptions are subject to change across time. Employees should do outstanding jobs on

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Reflection - Essay Example This proved to be the magic bullet, as the woman was not readmitted to the hospital, and gradually got better as her med compliance helped her overcome her acute mania symptoms and consistent outpatient therapy alleviated these symptoms as well. I was called to meet with a 33-year-old woman, who had a young son, in a psychiatric facility as a part of the crisis response team attending to this womans case. The woman has bi-polar disorder and was in acute mania. She had crashed her car, then was taken away by police escort to the psychiatric facility because her estranged husband had called the police after her accident, having recognized the signs of acute mania in this woman. At the time she was admitted to the hospital she was incoherent and did not know where she was or why she was there. She had no recollection of the accident, and, if asked if she felt that she was a danger to herself or others, she had ranted that she wished that she were dead, and she was afraid that she had killed her son, even though the son was not in the car at the time of the accident. The woman had been hospitalized five times before for acute mania. I was assigned to her case as a part of the team that was in charge of helping her assimilate into the outside world from the hospital. The first time that she was in the hospital, everything went relatively smoothly upon discharge, although I had some concerns because the woman was not 100% even then. However, the woman had stabilized, with the help of the medication that she was provided in the hospital. The woman had a place to stay at a friends house. I had a meeting with the friend to make sure that it was a healthy environment for this woman, and found the friend stable, intelligent and patient. The friend was willing to let this woman stay at her house until she stabilized completely and

Health and Human Services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health and Human Services - Assignment Example The following denotes factual data on the racial and ethnic disparities in the US health and human services sector: †¢ Prior to 1994, the medical enrollment database only enlisted existing races as white, black, and other or unknown (Academic Journal, Sequist and Schneider 2006, pp. 1455). †¢ Over 50% of African Americans don’t receive appropriate key medical procedures relative to whites (Report, Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care 2009, pp. 2) †¢ Between the years of 200 and 2008, the percentage of dialysis patients increased overall, but blacks and Hispanics were less likely to be registered on waiting lists relative to whites (Government, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2012). †¢ Over the years, health services providers have both intentionally and unintentionally communicated lower expectations for patients in disadvantaged racial and ethnic positions (Academic Journal, Sequist and Schneider 2006, pp. 1456). †¢ In 2009, Blacks and Hispanics were the least likely to receive to receive medical attention on diabetes relative to whites (Government, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2012). †¢ 66% of young non-Hispanic white adults aged between the ages of 20 – 29 are twice as likely to get private health insurance coverage as Hispanics, who stand at only 33% (Report, Cohen and Bloom 2011). †¢ In 2007, Blacks made up almost half of the patients suffering from HIV/AIDS, despite being just 13% of the US population (Government, 2010).

Marriage in the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marriage in the 20th Century - Essay Example First, they perceived conscience as the possession of a general knowledge as regards moral principles. In addition, it was also seen as a process towards being deliberated morally. Finally, these theologians examined the term conscience in terms of its usage in specific cases. The perspective of the Catholic Church is also threefold, as regards the term conscience. First, conscience is seen as that which an individual is able to experience as a reality, from within themselves. The term conscience is perceived as an analytical, evaluative and reflective judgment regarding that which is right in respect of particular cases. In this case, a call towards openness is called upon; if at all individuals are to identify the truth (Firer, n. d.). Finally, conscience is seen as an event that facilitates the attainment of a moral decision. In other words, it is the gateway that enables individuals to differentiate between that which is right, or wrong. The exercise of conscience calls for its development and cultivation. To develop it, it is required of an individual to undergo through an experience that shall both deepen and sharpen their sensitivity in terms of the evils on the one hand, and the moral good on the other hand. This enables individual to 'see rightly' (Firer, n. d.). Secondly, the development and cultivation of conscience may occur as a result of a learning process that entails making of judgment during times of conversation with say, a community as well as those responsible for giving such a community moral wisdom (Firer, n. d.). This way, individuals are assisted in judging rightly. Finally, the definite occurrence of arriving at a decision, coupled with the ensuing action, accords to each one of us what may at best be referred to as a ' track record' that upon reflecting on it, turns out to be our individual fountain of guidance as well as moral wisdom. This often takes time, but eventually, it enables us to 'act rightly'. Moral discernment According to Wallace (2003), discernment may be seen as a conventional name that refers to the difficult process of arriving at decisions or choices, on the basis of the "moral imperative" of an individual's conscience, while taking part in a "reasonable dialogue" with experts in subject-matter and also spiritual guides. It is important to note that there is a variation between the process of making daily decisions on the one hand and discernment on the other hand. Wallace has also referred to discernment as a "thoroughgoing effort" (Wallace, 2003). Logic alone is not enough to warrant recognition of discernment; the rest of our mental facilities are also called upon. To begin with, discernment tends to be in tune with the "the moral good", as opposed to the profitable that which is solidly conventional, or expedient. In other words, discernment is about trying to identify the best source of action to undertake from a moral perspective, as opposed to doing what we might find easier to accomplish, and that which may not lead to others criticizing our actions. Discernment also differs from the everyday decision making process in another way that could be seen as even more subtle. In this case, individuals take an assumption that sheer logic is not enough to help them attain "the good" (Wallace, 2003), thus calling for discernment. Conscience, moral

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift (Summary Response) Essay

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift (Summary Response) - Essay Example However, the beautiful view is distorted by street children begging for money (Swift par 1). In addition, the street children are accompanied by their mother. Swift insists on the need to develop a solution to address the problem (Swift par 2). However, he provides that not much has been done to help street families. Consequently, the numbers of street families are increasing significantly. Swift provides a suggestion that the children may be employed in construction and agriculture, but they lack the skills required in the fields (Swift par 17). Years later the children are turned into thieves a scenario that cannot be avoided. To address the problem, Swift develops the argument that the children may feed a massive population if they are served as meals (Swift par 8). He further provides direction on how well to prepare the carcass of a child. In addition, he asserts that their skin after the carcass has been used may be used to make gloves and boots for the rich (Swift par 13). Swift asserts that the solution may be well welcomed by England. This is based on that the country has failed to help Ireland. Consequently, eradication the course of the need would be an effective strategy. Swift uses satire to express his anger on the failure of the government and England to address the poverty problem in Ireland. He proposes cannibalism as the only way that the street children in Dublin could be eradicated from the streets. However, this solution does not reflect his real intent in solving the problem. He asserts that he has no pleasure towards his work, but he seeks to benefit the public (Swift par 31). His objective is to create a written piece from which the reader could understand the depth of the problem. Additionally, the reader is also able to understand the failure by the government. Consequently, the need to suggest such an extreme alternative as solution is developed. In regards to

Amazon's not so secret war on taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amazon's not so secret war on taxes - Essay Example Amazon gains an advantage in the market but is that superior position justified on the basis of the fact that Amazon has the best strategy for dodging taxes as it is an online store while other big stores such as Barnes & Noble and Wal-Mart are traditional stores. Many of the businesspersons argue that a company’s superiority or success in the market can be recognized by the type and quality of products and services that they offer instead of their tax schemes. Amazon played a major role in preventing the law to be changed and used its power to argue to claims about taxes on internet purchases. The sales tax is an important consideration as there is a lot on question. The sales tax allows the state governments to collect a fair amount for infrastructure facilities, parks, schools, and streets, the big stores have their retail primacy at stake, and customers have their money and way of shopping at stake. But on the other hand, Amazon is most widely known for being customer frie ndly, affordable, crackling, and a reputed online store. Behind this is the truth of the struggling battler that stands firmly on its principle. However, the strong power and aggression of the other retail stores broke the tax avoidance scheme of Amazon and led the states to pass the Marketplace Fairness Act. Thus, with this act, all the efforts of Amazon to prevent the laws from changing ended in ultimate failure. Eventually, Amazon supported it too as it has physical existence in many of the states with their warehouses and had professionals working.

Term paper Essay Example for Free

Term paper Essay There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John.

The Victorian Era and the French Lieutenants Woman Essay Example for Free

The Victorian Era and the French Lieutenants Woman Essay The French Lieutenants Woman is a 1981 film of historical fiction, contrasting present day relationships, morality and industry with that of the Victorian era in the 1850s. It is an adaptation of a novel by John Fowles, the script was written by Harold Pinter. The setting is in England, Lyme and London specifically, where Charles, a Darwinian scientist is courting the daughter of a wealthy businessman. The film depicts Charles as somewhat of the laughingstock with the rich citizens of Lyme who regard his profession as folly. His future father-in-law offers him a position in his shipping company which is expanding to Liverpool and Bristol. The scenery in this portion of the film depicts frantic building going on in the background fitting with the period of the Industrial revolution. The film within a film concept has two actors playing the characters in the film The French Lieutenants Woman but also follows the actors relationship with each other. This presents a contrast between the present day (1981) with the Victorian era. In her research on the Victorian era in the film, the actress Anna states that in 1857 there were over 50,000 prostitutes in London. Sarah Woodruff, the French Lieutenants woman, is seen as a morally deficient woman, likened to a prostitute, and goes to work for a rich and pious woman. This woman, Mrs. Palfrey (I think) describes Sarahs actions of walking in the under cliffs and staring out at sea to be sinful. She states there is a vast difference between those people from the country and those from London and says there are gross disorders in the streets. This division between what is acceptable in Lyme versus London is seen when Charles is present for tea with his fiance and Mrs. Palfrey, and is scolded for his servants attraction to a country girl. There is an obvious division between the upper and lower class which is depicted in Mrs. Palfreys treatment of her servants and Sarah. The prudent relations between male and female in the Victorian era are depicted in Charles behavior towards his fiance, for example he asks permission to see her alone in the conservatory. The treatment of women during this period is demonstrated in Sarah Woodruff, that she is labeled a whore, when in fact we find out later, she was as much a virgin as Charles former fiance. Charles falls in love with Sarah Woodruff, offering to pay for an asylum for her treatment. He ends his engagement, and interestingly he has to appear in a court and be labeled a scoundrel. When Sarah Woodruff disappears, he looks in London, waiting as the factory women get out of work at 5:00 p.m. Presumably, according to the history of this era from the Longman Anthology, most workers would have gone to work as early as 4:00 a.m. that morning (1826). The faces of the women provide a poignant message of the working conditions of that period. Charles also goes to a prostitution area searching for Sarah. He does not find her there, but earlier in the film he had asked her why she didnt just leave Lyme and all the condemnation and accusations of the townsfolk. Sarah stated that if she went to London, she knew what she would become. In the film there are beggars in the streets and London is depicted as a dreary place to live. Sarah Woodruff, turns her name around to become Mrs. Roughwood and Charles eventually finds her. The contrast in this film is interesting as both actors sleep with each other though they both apparently have committed relationships. In the end, the male actor seems ready to forsake his marriage for a relationship with the actress, Anna. He mistakenly calls out Sarah when she leaves, so it appears he was having difficulty separating fact from fiction. This film was accurate historically in my opinion, with what I have read this term in the Longman Anthology which states that in the Victorian era working conditions necessitated reform in the 1840s (1793). The Atlas of Literature describes London in the period in which this film is set as gentility and beggary, great spaces and cramped crooked streets, leisure and brute work, families and orphans (96). This film did an excellent job of contrasting the idle rich in the country and the upper class in London. There was a snobbery that was emphasized, using the servants versus their masters. The condemnation of Sarah Woodruff as a fallen woman was contrasted by the facts that later came out. The stark contrasts in England during the Industrial revolution were evident in this film and I felt it was an interesting piece of historical fiction. Works Cited Bradbury, Malcolm, ed. The Atlas of Literature. New York: Stewart, Tabori and Chang, 1998. Damrosch, David, ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. New York: Longman, 2000. The French Lieutenants Woman. Dir. Karel Reisz. Perf. Jeremy Irons and Meryl Streep. United Artists, 1981.

Health In New Zealand Health And Social Care Essay

Health In New Zealand Health And Social Care Essay Health is multi factorial and is the product of reciprocal interaction between individuals and their environment. Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system (World Health Organisation, 2008). As in most countries, health in New Zealand is also distributed unequally throughout the society. This reflects that there is an uneven allocation of social determinants of health such as income, education, occupation and access to health for certain groups compared with others. This essay will examine income as one of the social determinates of health and the effect of low economic status in Maori health. Further it will discuss how the nurses can care for Maori people with inequalities in health and the importance of the government strategy developed to address Maori health concerns. Finally this essay will analyse the psychological factors associated with smoking behaviours and its consequences. Income, employment, education, housing, culture and social cohesion are the distinct social determinants which directly or indirectly influence health outcome of an individual. The people who are more vulnerable to ill heath mostly come under low income category. Income inequalities increased evidently in New Zealand between 1987 and 1991 due to unemployment. The growth in income inequalities is especially seen in Maori population (Davis Dew, 2005). Income is one of the major determinants of health, which contribute to the poor health status of Maori. Indigenous Maori have the poorest health status among any other ethnic groups in New Zealand. The median annual income of Maori in 2006 was $20900 compared to $24400 of the total population in New Zealand (McMurray Clendon, 2010). According to the New Zealand statistics 2005, the average weekly income of Maori was $471 compared to $637 of non-Maori (Robson Harris, 2007). Income and wealth are the major modifiable determinants of heal th which affect the access to healthy environment, living condition, housing, education and timely effective health care. Level of home ownership, property ownership and income producing assets are lower among Maori than non-Maori population. In addition to these, lower equivalent income levels limit the availability of the Maori families to accumulate wealth out of current income (Dew Mathewson, 2008). Compared to non-Maori, inequalities in health status and mortality are higher and increasing among Maori, with increased incidence of conditions such as coronary heart disease and higher fatality rates (McMurray Clendon, 2010). The current economic situation of the Maori and non-Maori is profoundly linked to the history of colonization of New Zealand. Besides this, economic reforms also cause loss of income from changing nature of work arrangements for Maori (Broom, 2007). The income inequalities can be also explained in terms of lower educational qualification and under representa tion of Maori workers in high profile jobs. In New Zealand society Maori are the lowest salary earners and this leads to a low socio economic status (Robson Harris, 2007). Besides this, income level can affect mental health, caring for children and family. People belonging to low economic status always struggle to care their life and childrenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s health (Marmot Wilkinson, 2001). Being health professional, nurses have obligation to identify unfairness or inequalities in health. Nurses should work to address the underlying determinants of health and working towards to ensure equitable health and wellbeing of everyone in the society (McMurray Clendon, 2010). In order to deliver proper health care nurses have to be aware about the needs and rights of Maori (Broom, 2007). Principles of Treaty act as a model for nurses to work with Maori. Nurses should respect the cultural beliefs and deliver health services in a culturally acceptable manner (Francis et al., 2008). Nurses should work in a manner to improve the access to health, especially to those who lacks financial resources. Approaches like selecting a central location and convenient time for health services can improve access of health facilities by the low income groups. Nurses should identify vulnerable groups with low income such as unemployed, single mothers and parents with more dependent children. In or der to ensure unbiased health to low income group nurses have to educate them regarding the health facilities and their right to health irrespective of economic status. Increasing conventional services like employing of indigenous health workers and establishing indigenous programs is another nursing intervention for reorienting health service for Maori. (Mason Durie, 2003) For instance Maori can be cared better by employing more Maori nurses as they will have enhanced understanding. Improvements in Maori health status are critical, because Maori has the poorest health status among other New Zealanders. The New Zealand government identified the importance of prioritising the Maori health problems and the need to eradicate health inequalities which has a negative impact on Maori health. He Korowai Oranga is a health strategy set for Maori health development in the health and disability sector. This strategy acts as a basis for the health sector to deal with the health problems of Whanau. The focus of He Korowai Oranga is on Whanau or family wellbeing. The outcomes are mainly aimed at empowering Whanau with physical, social, mental and emotional health; enabling them to take control over their health, creating better quality of life and ensuring their active participation in New Zealand society (Francis et al., 2008). He Korowai Oranga stands on the principles such as partnership, participation and protection which are the core principles of Treaty of Waitangi. He Korowai Oranga tries to identify health inequalities among Maori people in terms of education, income, occupation and access to health health. This strategy aims at considering Maori approaches and models to health for improving Maori outcomes. Inequalities among health statuses of Maori are clearly documented in this. Nationwide population health priorities for Maoris are also enlisted in appendix 3 of this strategy. Besides this it also provide guidelines to district health board for effective assessment and monitoring of Maori health status. This strategy also has made provisions to improve Maori access to mainstream health services like public hospitals or primary health centres (Ministry of Health, 2002). Risk taking behaviours are those which affect the physical and mental health of individuals. Risk taking behaviours may include smoking, alcoholism, unsafe sexual habits, gambling and participating in dangerous activities. Tobacco is the major cause of preventable death in New Zealand. Smoking kills around 4300 to 4700 people per year, among this almost 600 are Maori (Maori Affairs Committee, 2010). Some people consider smoking as a method of channelizing their stress or escape mechanism from their stressful situation or frustrated family life. Some consider smoking as a way to get peer pleasure and to kick out their boredom (Marks, Murray, Evans Willig, 2001). Increased risk of smoking is usually seen in those who are divorced, separated or lone parents. 80-90% of smoking prevalence is seen among people who are under severe deprivation areas such as prisoners, homeless and poor (Marmot Wilkinson, 2001). Young people consider smoking as a way of developing their identity, method of relaxing tension and making peers. Parents and role models can greatly influence smoking behaviour of adolescents (McMurray Clendon, 2010). Media plays a great role in influencing people to smoke even though they advertise about the repercussions of smoking (Marks et al., 2001). The use of tobacco gives rise to many health hazards. Smoking contributes to the higher incidence of coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, reduced lung function, impaired lung growth in children and various cancers especially lung cancer. Smoking aggravates the symptoms of many other illnesses, for instance smoking can reduce fertility, increased cataract incidence, poor wound healing, and worsen peptic ulcer. Smoking during pregnancy can lead to birth complications, premature death, small gestational age and low birth weight. Passive smoking is another health risk associated with smoking. Non-smokers living with smokers have 30% increased chance of lung cancer (Maori A ffairs Committee, 2010). In brief social conditions are particularly important in determining health status of an individual. When a social environment is supportive, the person is more likely to be empowered in their health. There is a well-established evidence of relationship between income and Maori health status. Nurses can play an important role in reducing the inequalities in health. In addition to this smoking remains a major contributor to disparities in health status because this behaviour is strongly shaped by income deprivation, occupation and education.

Using Science to Understand God :: Science and religion

In this day, there continues to be a great deal of hostility promoted from the pulpits, the media, and visible scientists around the world in the area of science and religion. Some preachers suggest to their congregations that science is evil and opposed to morality and belief in God. Some visible scientists suggest that religion is an out-of-date mythological belief system that opposes progress and enslaves people to a lifestyle that brings them harm. The media seems to take delight in vilifying religion and promoting the inconsistencies of those who claim to be religious. Why do so many otherwise good believers in God and otherwise good believers in science get caught up in the science versus religion debate? Science is science, and religion is religion. Creationism is neither. Using bad science to back up bad literal Biblical translations is not scientific and not religious. How religious or scientific are you really when you have to use crap science (lies) to back up your religion? How religious or scientific are you really when you have to deny the facts of good science to support your religion. I don't see how changing the way you think about the Bible when science gives you a good reason to do so makes you any less or any worse of a Christian. In fact, I think it makes you a better Christian. Some scientists will tell you that discovering things about the Earth does not mean that God didn't create it. And some scientist will tell you that discovering things about the nature of the Earth does not prove that God doesn’t exist. A lot of religious scholars can tell you the same thing. Both will tell you that if God loves us as much as the Bible says so, then He doesn't want us to forever remain ignorant. If you find things in the Bible and read them literally to justify your refusal to use the reasoning abilities that God has so graciously provided for you (the same reasoning used in science), then you are the one going against God, not the scientists. Science is a gift from God to help us understand the world around us. Those who seek to unlock the secrets of the natural world around us through science are being led by God. Exploring our natural world to gain a greater understanding of it and to find better uses for the things around us is what God wants us to do.

Television in Iraq :: essays research papers fc

INTRODUCTION The birth of the television was originally introduced here, in the United States. The impact of this new technology was not only evident here in the US, but in other countries as well. In Iraq, television caused immediate changes, which in turn caused adjustments in everyday living. The benefits and negative impacts varied, but overall as in most other countries, television shapes the images and views of everything that is broadcasted. Television currently has taken the place of past leisure activities. Being informed of the news, sports, and global issues consisted of hearing it only through radio and prior to that just word of mouth. â€Å"People gathered around the TV set as they had gathered around the radio, much like their ancestors had gathered around campfire storytellers†(Schwab, 2004, p.3). With an objective to capture light in a series of lines and beams, the television was introduced as a product of moving images. With the help of several investors, Philip T. Farnsworth invented the television in the 1920’s. With help from others including Vladimar Zworkyn, John Baird, and Charles Jenkins, the television underwent many trials and tests before its final completion. In a collaborative effort the previously mentioned men worked to establish a way to broadcast pictures through the colors of black and white to its present color TV. Television images are portrayed simultaneously around the network.† Accurate timing of devices and split-second movements of cameras are the essentials of television operation† (Television Volume III, 1938, p.1). Currently the media plays a highly influential role that is evident amongst the citizens of Iraq. Some speak of the US in particular as having distorted views, focusing too much on tragedy. Currently the US media displays all of the negative activity due to the war and deducts the success of Iraq. â€Å"The introduction of the television shows progress†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.new car sales have skyrocketed in Iraq, along with newspapers, peaceful demonstrations and other signs of a political system that has replaced totalitarianism†(T. Roeder, The Gazette). According to the article, Iraqis critical media, television leaves out other positive progressions of the country, such as renovated schools and hospitals, in addition to repaired water and sewer systems. Perceptions about the war seem to be the highlight of the distorted view publicized on television currently. According the Asia Times, Fox news is criticized for its chauvinistic coverage in news. A survey was conducted and the results showed that 80% of viewers grasp at least one misperception, while CBS, CNN, and NBC followed (www.

Stress: Unavoidable Necessity :: Essays Papers

Stress: Unavoidable Necessity Experiencing stress is a very common sensation. It is easy for everybody to describe its symptoms, but defining stress itself is more complicated because stress requires psychological and medical concepts to give an exact and understandable definition. "Stress is a specific response by the body to a stimulus, as fear or pain, that disturbs or interferes with the normal physiological equilibrium. It is a physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension" (The New Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language). Scientists started to think, in the late nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, that diseases are caused by external factors, like bacteria, thanks to the discovery of Rudolph Virchov, a German physician, and Louis Pasteur, a French doctor. However, the mental aspect was totally ignored at this time (Levi 15-16). The study of stress is inseparable from the study of psychology or psychiatry, which were not recognized before medicine started to change. Indeed, medicine specialization was born because the tools for examining patients were too sophisticated for any doctors to know how to use all of them. As a result, heart doctors, eye doctors, ear doctors, etc., appeared (Levi 16). While medicine became more and more efficient because doctors were increasingly qualified in their own skills, scientists started to be aware that in addition to their bodies patients had a mind which could suffer and influence the development of a disease. Psychiatry was born (Levi 16-17). Clea rly, science realized that stress could affect the body. Everybody should be aware that a disease could occur because of a mental problem, especially because of stress. This health issue will be discussed by explaining, on the one hand, what can cause stress by taking into account the nervous system, the psychosomatic tendencies, and the modern world. Then, on the other hand, the effects of stress and how the body reacts against it will be looked at. Finally, some solutions to fighting stress will be presented. Where does stress come from? Most scientists agree that stress is the result of a situation where too many problems or difficulties take place at the same time. For the person who lives in such circumstances, it becomes impossible to manage and to find any solutions for his or her difficulties. As a result this person feels oppressed by the situation and becomes stressed. Of course, everybody reacts in a different way in the face of unfortunate events, and for many people it is easy to manage stress, which is the normal reaction, without any damage to the body.

Early Childhood Services Norway Essay

Government goal – â€Å"all children whose parents wish it should have a place in a barnehage, full-time or part-time. † (OECD, 1999:12) â€Å"All municipalities must offer an ECEC place to all parents †¦ who want to enrol their child. As yet, corresponding legislation has not been drafted to give a legal right to all parents to a place for their child. † (OECD, 2006: 399) Two separate traditions brought together in Barnehage – * Educationally focused barnehage (19th century – Froebel) * Daghem – (translates as day home) Precursor was barneasyl (children’s asylum 1837) – more social , focused on poor families. Norways approach to Early Childhood Care and Education Barnehage – viewed as having â€Å"an integrated care and educational role† †¦ â€Å"care and learning are seen as inseparable activities. † (OECD, 199: 12) Provision grew slowly – 1970’s increase in service (1970 attendance – 5% of 3/4 yrs olds to 1990’s – attendance rates for 1 – 5 yr olds = 47-60% and increase since then) Very few children under 12mths in barnehage (well developed parental leave system) Barnehage – vary in terms of ownership, management, and funding. 47% – public, owned and managed by local authorities (kommune). Remainder are private – owned and managed in a variety of ways (parent groups, non-profit organisations). All receive state subsidy – all parents make payments – all local authorities subsidise public barnehager that they own and manage. Local authorities vary re policy subsidising private barnehager. Consequence – 3 types of barnehage in relation to funding (public, private – receive local authority funding & private – who do not receive local authority funding). Variations in public funding – parental fees higher in private barnehage – (except those who fall under the local authority funding). Variations in parental fees in local authority barnehage – some cases fees the same for all families. Norwegian System – 4 other types of provision; 1. ‘open kindergarten’ – children attend with parent/carer. 2. Family Day care divided into two groups – Private (a) offer totally private service; 3. Family day carers (b) networks (familiebarnehager) – can be public/private managed & supervised by one trained pre-school teacher per 30 children. 4. SFO – care and recreation for school aged children (6yrs was 7yrs) outside school hours. School in first 4 grades – from 6 yrs = 20 hours per week – child spends rest of time in SFO. SFO – may be located at school, or separate accommodation. Attendance rates vary. Education system overall dominated by groups care in a particular type of centre. Staff in Barnehager 3 types of staff†¦ 1. Styrere (leader) – management. 2. Pedagogiske (trained teacher). 3. Assistents . Remaining staff†¦ * Bilingual assistants (ethnic minority groups) * Other teaching staff (special needs) * Other persons (chefs/cleaners) All styrere & pedagogiske – have to have qualified as ECEC teacher (both types of staff have the same training). Training in ECEC Norway  3 years full time study – possible to do 4 year distance learning training (mature students with some experience avail of this). In service training available. Admission to pre-school training – 3 year study in general subjects at upper secondary. No special requirements for assistents (recently introduction of 2 years of school and 2 years in workplace = can choose health & social care /child & youth workers option to cover work in the barnehager, SFO, clubs and other services. Salaries – depends on training & position. (OECD,1999: 16) Most staff in barnehager are female. Men 8% of all staff direct contact with children. (OECD 2006) Emphasis on men in childcare – two main motives: 1. gender equality 2. right of children to meet both men and women. Male workers seen as important to boys. Childhood institutionalised (role models mainly women – concern from Norwegian Government) (Research into this needed †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ) Children with diverse needs (OECD 2006) Children with disabilities: Children with disabilities have a priority right to services provided it is deemed by an expert that the child will be able to benefit from attending the day care institution. Children from low-income families: The child poverty rate in Norway is 3. 4% after taxes and transfers, compared to the OECD average of 11. 2%. The barnehage is considered to play an important role in terms of preventive child welfare. Children living in at-risk circumstances, places are fully funded by municipalities. Supports are provided also to enable barnehager accommodate children with disabilities, children from low-income families and bilingual children. Ethnic and bilingual children: An indigenous ethnic group, the Sami, constitute 1. 7% of the Norwegian population. Sami language kindergartens are funded generously whenever there is a concentration of Sami families. Curriculum and pedagogy: The first national curriculum plan, called a Framework Plan, came into force in 1996. The curriculum, which must be used by all barnehager, is based on the Nordic tradition of combining education and care. A Sami supplement is integrated in the plan. All barnehager, including familiebarnehager and open barnehager, must base their annual plans on this Framework, which is the National Curriculum. The Framework Plan emphasises that both local cultural values and the national cultural heritage, as reflected in the childhood environment, must be represented in the activity of the barnehage (Background Report for Norway, 1999). A revised Framework Plan enters into force on 1st August 2006. The main principles are the same, with the new Kindergarten Act giving children a legal right to participate in all questions concerning their daily lives in ECEC. The Norwegian Child (OECD, 1999:21) â€Å"strong idea of how the Norwegian child should be and what it means to live a good childhood† (OECD, 1999:21). â€Å"Important to protect childhood from too much adult control† (OECD, 1999:21). â€Å"Adults should not take childhood away from children, but bring it back to them. † (OECDm 1999:21) Value of childhood & children seen as a social group within society.

Has the Impact of 9/11 Been Baneful or Beneficial?

2013-02-0108 Bilal Syed Critical Issues in Pakistan’s foreign policy 13th October 2012 Has the impact of 9/11 been baneful or beneficial to Pakistan’s security environment? Analyze. The second year of the new millennium was witness to an event which might have perhaps altered the geo-political structure of the world and gave birth to a whole new phenomenon, one, which has been directing foreign policy affairs of the world for almost a decade now.This event comprised the four terrorist attacks on United States soil, on September the eleventh, 2001, in which hijacked planes crashed into the twin towers of the world trade centre, the Pentagon and one fell short of its target in Shanksfield Pennsylvania. These events gave birth to the â€Å"war on terror†, which has not only affected the United States but a lot of other countries as well, especially Pakistan, who had a prominent geo strategic location in the vicinity of the battle grounds for this war. This war has h ad both positive and negative effects on the security and general stability of Pakistan.This essay will try to discern these effects and establish whether in the long run, the impact of 9/11 has been baneful or beneficial to Pakistan’s security environment. Firstly, the positive impacts of the war on terror will be considered. Since the perpetrators of the attacks were considered to be hiding in Afghanistan, all the surrounding countries in the region became important strategic partners of the United States and its allies. Pakistan, perhaps the most influential since it had a long history of dealing with the Taliban and had in depth knowledge of the terrain and surrounding area.Chairperson, Department of Political Science, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Professor Razia Musarrat claims that â€Å"Pakistan’s geographical location, its nearness with Afghanistan, its close relations with the Taliban regime, its deep knowledge of the rugged terrain of Afghanistan, a nd its history of Cold War alliance made Pakistan obviously the most important strategic asset for the United States. † Pakistan offered its support to the United States including airbases and military intelligence to help eradicate the terrorist elements present in Afghanistan. As a result over the years Pakistan has received military ssistance and aid from the United States, helping in brining military and technological advancements to the country. It is important to note that at the time of these attacks, Pakistan was in isolation at the world stage due to sanctions imposed on it, after it carried out nuclear tests in 1998. India too was facing the same sanctions, but having a stronger economy meant that it managed to survive this dry spell comparatively more easily than Pakistan. Pakistan on the other hand was suffering from the consequences of these sanctions and the war on terror surprisingly came as a relief.Pakistan has been given economic assistance of almost ten bill ion dollars over a period of ten years as its ties with the waste slowly improved. This aid rescued its stagnant economy and ensured that Pakistan’s economic woes were overcome, a change, very welcome for the Musharraf regime. Thirdly, post 9/11, South Asia became the centre of the World’s attention. A senior political analyst notes, that â€Å"with the presence of two nuclear power friends, and an Al-Qaeda-strewn Afghanistan, South Asia assumed a strategic status in American eyes. The rebirth of South Asia prominence was not limited to America, rather for whole the world.There was a long chain of Heads of States, and highest officials visiting the region every alternative day were evidence of long term strategic interests of the US in the region. † This new found attention allowed internationally isolated Pakistan and India back into the main stream of world politics and bolstered the image of the country in the eyes of the world, as a nation that was against t errorism. A somewhat debateable positive outcome, but one that could be true is that this war against terrorism helped to control the spread of militancy in the country.Former foreign minister of Pakistan, Mr Abdul Sattar argues that, â€Å"another significant benefit of the post-9/11 policy has been containment of the baneful influence of extremists and militants. † Had the war on terror not been targeted against organizations like Al-Qaeda, they might have consolidated their positions in Afghanistan and Pakistan and continued to follow their own agenda’s. The post 9/11 policy helped to contain this spread of ideology but unfortunately could not eliminate it from society completely. Another major impact of the war on terror, it can be argued, is that it led to stability in the region.The main cause of instability in the region over the years has been hostile Pakistan, India relations. Three major wars and countless other incidents aimed at undermining the other countr y, have soured an already messy divorce. The acquisition of nuclear warheads by both states coupled with the Kashmir issue, have caused this region to become highly volatile. This was also the case post 9/11, when after an attack on the Indian parliament in December of 2001, India mobilized its military forces on a large scale against Pakistan.Pakistan too responded and both armies stood face to face with each other opposite the international borders. There was a very serious threat of an outbreak of nuclear war and alarm bells started ringing in the international arena. Eventually it was the presence of the United States in the region which helped diffuse the highly volatile situation. The threat of nuclear war, coupled with the fear that a Pakistan-India war would be harmful to the war on terror, meant that the United Sates put in a full hearted effort to ease tensions.This was eventually the case and stability was brought to the region again. These are some of the positive outcom es to the war on terror for Pakistan. But there have been dreadful negative consequences for the country as well. Firstly, just like it can be argued that just like US presence brought stability to the region; it also brought a lot of instability. This is evident from the impact of the war on Afghanistan, where Prof. Dr. Razia Musarrat argues, that the â€Å"Taliban government had been successful to restore a kind of stability in Afghanistan for the first time after a very long period of unrest.America, by ripping to pieces the Taliban regime, once again pushed Afghanistan into a new phase of insurgency and civil war. This unstable and troubled situation will not remain confined within the Afghan borders; rather will soon spread into the neighbouring states. We can see for ourselves that the unrest and turbulence in Afghanistan has leaked out into Pakistan. † This has been a cause of great concern for Pakistan, because the Afghani brand of militancy and extremism has seeped i n the country and has started rearing its ugly head against the state.Secondly, Pakistan had friendly relations with the Taliban prior to the American offensive. So much so that they were considered supporters of the Taliban, a notion which caused concern to other surrounding countries like India. But after the war, the northern alliance came into power and the resulting Afghan government did not have a favourable view of Pakistan. India on the other hand took advantage of this and firmly established itself in Afghanistan. It became the largest regional donor of aid to Afghanistan in the post war period.Strong relations with Afghanistan could very beneficial for Indian foreign policy since Afghanistan shares such a large border with Pakistan. Having strong relations with a hostile neighbour’s neighbour is a strategically strong move and puts Pakistan in a delicate situation. Also, India could have easy access to Central Asia via Afghanistan, which could give it access to thei r abundant natural resources and open other cheaper trading avenues. India would not have to be dependent on Pakistan for access to Central Asia, which might come across as another blow to Pakistan.Another cause of concern for Pakistan, at the political level, was constant Indian pressure that Pakistan provided a safe haven for terrorists. India took advantage of American presence in the region and looked at this as an opportunity to further one of its foreign policy goals, that is, to ensure that Pakistan was strongly implicated in harbouring terrorists under its roof. The case for this argument was of course Pakistan’s close relations with the Taliban and the fact that Pakistan was a big supporter of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.Secondly India had claimed time and again that Pakistan uses terrorist groups to promote their foreign policy agenda’s. They claimed that the Pakistani intelligence cell, the ISI, with the blessings of the government equipped, trained an d infiltrated militants into Kashmir. This was a very serious claim considering Pakistan was a nuclear state which endorsed state sponsored terrorism. The Indian government hoped that the United States would finally understand India’s point of view and become an ally of India against Pakistan’s state-sponsored terrorism. Indian security agencies hope that the terrorist attack in New York on Tuesday will see the United States put pressure on Pakistan to extradite Dawood Ibrahim, Tiger Memon, Chhota Shakeel and others, who masterminded the serial bomb blasts in Mumbai in March 1993. † Domestically, Pakistan has had to pay a very heavy price for the part it has played in the war. There has been a huge increase in the number of terrorist and militant organizations in the country after the war.Following the events of the 2001-2002 standoff between Pakistan and India, Musharraf, pledged to crack down on the militant organizations working in the country. They were obvio usly not willing to go easily and put up resistance by targeting government and security establishments. Thousands of innocent civilians were killed as result of suicide attacks and the whole country was gripped in a constant state of fear. The law and order situation got so wore that the president himself narrowly survived two bold attempts on his life.The backlash was the worst in the north western region, for the people divided by international borders shared the same strong bonds of ethnicity and culture. Taking cue from the Taliban of Afghanistan, the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan became an active anti-state terrorist organization comprised of mostly Pashtoons, just like the Afghani Taliban. It is responsible for carrying out hundreds of terrorist attacks on state owned institutions and civilians as well. They were perhaps behind the assassination of Benazir Bhutto and one of the biggest causes for instability in the Khyber-Pukhtoonkhwa province.The situation became too bad to be i gnored and the Pakistan military launched a full scale military operation in which thousands of troops were involved to deal with this menace. Even though millions of rupees and a lot of soldiers were lost in the operation, the operation was unsuccessful and the Taliban continue living in the mountains of the Waziristan region, albeit as outlaws and vigilantes. This religious extremist ideology, unfortunately, is not only confined to Pakistan’s western provinces. This menace has slowly started spreading in the comparatively more peaceful Punjab and Sindh provinces as well.The society is slowly becoming more polarised on the issue of whether Pakistan should keep on fighting America’s war. Others however believe this is a war for Pakistan’s own survival. Whatever the case is, the country has been gripped in a constant state of fear and gloom. Notions of national cohesiveness and unity are fast withering away as the Pashtoon and Baloch communities claim they have f elt the brunt of the war on terror, a notion that is true considering the drone attacks that are carried out in their homelands.A 2012 report on the security situation of 2011 in Pakistan puts the matter in better perspective. â€Å"While  FATA  continued to reel under the impact of terrorism, there was no respite from terror in  KP  as well. Sindh continued to experience a more  centralized pattern  of violence in and around Karachi. However, the extension of the influence of armed extremist political, ethnic, sectarian and criminal groups in the city, and the chances of violence spreading to other areas of the Province, could not be ruled out. † Overall the costs of this war on terror have been staggering for Pakistan.The costs, in terms of monetary terms, political terms, social terms and most importantly loss of life are so huge, that Pakistan is still reeling from the blow. The report mentioned earlier, gives an idea regarding the losses sustained by Pakistan . â€Å"Pakistan’s continuing engagement with the production and export of Islamist extremism and terrorism continued to produce a bloody blowback at home, with a total of at least 6,142 persons, including of 2,797 militants, 2,580 civilians and 765 Security Forces (SFs) personnel killed in 2011.However, even this worrying total constituted an improvement of 17. 75 per cent over the preceding year. 7,435 persons, including 5,170 militants, 1,796 civilians and 469 SF personnel, had been killed in 2010. † Secondly, the war has almost dried up foreign investment in Pakistan, as no one is willing to come here considering the prevailing security situation and the unstable political scenario.The economy is in shambles as a major chunk of the budget goes to the army and less and less is spent on the people. It is true that Pakistan is getting aid from outside, but it cannot just rely on aid to survive in the future. A major energy crisis has added to the woes of the country a nd caused great distress to the public. Anti American sentiments are now at an all time high and the country looks forward to the day it does not have to deal with these issues any more.As former foreign minister Abdul Sattar says, â€Å"So colossal have been the human and material ravages our country has suffered during the last decade that no sensitive citizen can but wish Pakistan had followed a different course, one that might have saved our country and people from the nightmare in which we are still trapped. † If the positive and negative outcomes of the post 9/11 policy are weighed against each other, it can be concluded that it has been overall more baneful than beneficial to the country.Yes, the policy allowed Pakistan to come back into the main stream of international politics and yes, it caused an influx of foreign aid into the country which rescued a stagnant economy, but at what cost? The material costs of thousands of dollars or the cost of human life, to which a value cannot be assigned, have been tremendous. The country is gripped by a war that is ravaging its socio-political fabric. The economy is once again in shambles and the country stands on the brink of bankruptcy.The more alarming thought is that, the war on terror is still not over and its consequences keep haunting the country. Once the coalition troops leave Afghanistan, the whole region will be locked in a geo-political struggle for supremacy and with major players like hostile India involved, the odds do not look good for Pakistan. Works Cited: Balakrishnan, S. â€Å"India Hopes US Will Now Pressurise Pak. †Ã‚  The Times Of India. N. p. , 2001. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Pakistan Assessment 2012.   South Asia Terrorism Portal. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Oct. 2012. . Musarrat, Prof. Dr. Razia. â€Å"US WAR ON TERRORISM AND ITS IMPACT ON SOUTH ASIA. † Thesis. University of the Punjab, n. d. Http://pu. edu. pk. University of the Punjab. Web. http://pu. edu. pk/images/ journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/RAZIA. pdf Sattar, Abdul. â€Å"REVISIT TO POST-9/11 POLICY. †Ã‚  Criterion-Quarterly  7. 1 (2012): n. pag. Criterion-quarterly. com. 2012. Web. 12 Oct. 2012. .

Islam Religion Dbq

3/4/11 Islam DBQPer: 4 Islam was a fast spreading religion in a time when Christianity and other religions had already established themselves. Islam gained a reputation as a violent religion when it attacked and conquered areas, and made violent threats. Islam also presented itself as a religion of reward, equality, and protection. Once Islam had established itself in so many areas, it used other techniques to keep their reign. The Muslims way of spreading and keeping their empire was what made it one of the most studied empires in history.Violent attacks and threats are a part of the history of Islam. One of the main reasons Islam even got its foot was the attack on Mecca that Muhammad led. Threats were sometimes used as a strategy to convert people, such as when Muhammad told the leader of the Christian Arab tribe: â€Å"Obey the Lord and his Apostle, and he will defend you†¦ But if ye oppose and displease them†¦ I will fight against you and take captive your little ones and slay the elder†. (Doc 1) There often did end up being battles between Muslims and the Non-Muslims.An excerpt from â€Å"History Today† said: â€Å"Koranic revelation commanded them to â€Å"Fight in the cause of God against those who fight you, but do not be the aggressors† (Doc5). The Islamic power was rapidly rising as it continued the conquests. With so much power, many people may have converted out of fear of them. The strong force the Muslims presented was enough to convert many people. Sir Edward Crecy describes the Battle of Tours â€Å"everything gave way to their [swords]†¦ all the nations of the Franks trembled at that terrible army†¦ attacked Tours†¦ nd the fury and cruelty of the Moslems towards the inhabitants of the city were like the fury and cruelty of raging tigers. †(Doc 4). Like any other religion, Islam promised rewards for obeying its laws and believing. The Qur’an says â€Å"whoever shall obey God and His Apostle, he shall bring him into the gardens of [Paradise]. †(Doc 2) Other religions at this time also had some form of heaven, but this seemed much simpler than a Karma cycle, and was very appealing. A life after death has always been a fascinating mystery to many of mankind, and the idea of the paradise is often mentioned in Islam.Other rewards, like money, were what motivated many conquests in the first place. In the History of the Arabs, it says â€Å"the objective in most cases being [riches] and not the gaining of a permanent foothold† (Doc 7). Money was a definite and quick reward, unlike the promise of Paradise. Islam also promised protection and equality in the faith. The idea that men and women of any social class would be considered equal through their faith is cited in the History of the Arabs: â€Å"Their leader is like one of them: the low cannot be distinguished from the high, nor the master from the slave.And when prayer time comes, all wash their hands and feet and humbly pray. † (Doc 3) This kind of equality within a religion was introduced within Christianity as well. The two religions have many similarities, and a document on how the Christians and other faiths reacted to the new spread of Muslim power would have been useful. To fully understand the effects of the Islam Empire, the way people reacted or did not react to the new power is necessary. These original ideas of the Islam faith were what started the movement that became the vast empire.Islam gained its original followers not from force, but from the appeal of the religion. The ideology and beliefs are what makes Islam the second most popular religion in the world today. By 750 C. E the Islam Empire had spread all the way from Arabia through Africa to Spain. (Doc 8) They had gotten this far by violence and persuasion. Once they had established themselves, they had to find ways to keep their empire without protest. The reasons this was an empire were the conquests and power the Muslims had over Non-Muslims.Being a Muslim at this time meant protection, status, and security. The Non- Muslims were given rules they had to follow to secure their protection. A Muslim writer, Syed Ameer Ali writes â€Å"The Moslems, on the other hand, required from others a simple guarantee of peace, tribute in return for protection, or perfect equality- on condition of the acceptance of Islam†(Doc 6) Non-Muslims weren’t treated like some other empires had treated the conquered peoples.They were tolerant, and while they did try and convert many people, they allowed other monotheistic religions to remain. J. J. Saunders in â€Å"History Today† says â€Å"Mohammed respected the older monotheistic faiths†¦ he called them â€Å"People of the Book†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ they were not forced into Islam but were allowed to retain their ancestral religion on payment of tribute† (Doc 5) The Islam empire was unlike any other empire because it was not a country that was taking over but a religion.Therefore it had more potential to succeed because of their tolerance and belief. The spread of the Islam Empire was caused by many factors. Their violent conquests were what initially spread the empire. The rewards and appeal of the religion is what gave it its foothold and converted many people. The tolerance and belief is what kept the empire from crumbling for many years. The Muslims had cracked the code of empires. They knew how to spread and keep an empire quickly. The Islam Empire set its mark on history, and its effect is still seen today.

Background And History Of Enron Accounting Essay

Enron was founded in 1985 through the amalgamation of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth, a natural gas company based in Omaha, Nebraska, and rapidly became the major energy and petrochemical trade goods bargainer under the leading of its president, Kenneth Lay. In 1999, Enron moved its operations online, touting the largest online trading exchange as one of the cardinal market shapers in natural gas, electricity, rough oil, petrochemicals and plastics. Enron diversified into coal, transportation, steel & A ; metals, mush & A ; paper, and even into such trade goods as conditions and recognition derived functions. At its extremum, Enron was describing grosss of $ 80 billion and net incomes of $ 1 billion, and was for six back-to-back old ages lauded by Fortune as America ‘s most advanced company. The sudden surrender, nevertheless, of Enron Vice-Chairman Clifford Baxter in May of 2001 and subsequent surrender of CEO Jeffrey Skilling in August of 2001, both of whom retired for unrevealed personal grounds, should hold served as the first indicant of the problems brewing within Enron. Mr. Skilling had been elected CEO merely months before, and Mr. Baxter had become Vice-Chairman in 2000. Finally, amidst analysts ‘ and investors ‘ inquiries sing unrevealed partnerships and rumours of crying accounting mistakes, Enron announced on October 16, 2001 it was taking a $ 544 million dollar after-tax-charge against net incomes and a decrease in stockholder equity by $ 1.2 billion due to related minutess with LJM-2. As will be discussed in the undermentioned subdivision, LJM-2 was partnership managed and partly owned by Enron ‘s CFO, Andrew Fastow. The LJM partnerships provided Enron with a spouse for plus gross revenues and purchases every bit good as an instrument to fudge hazard. Less than a month subsequently Enron announced that it would be repeating its net incomes from 1997 through 2001 because of accounting mistakes associating to minutess with another Fastow partnership, LJM Cayman, and Chewco Investments, which was managed by Michael Kopper. Mr. Kopper was the pull offing manager of Enron ‘s planetary finance unit and reported straight to the CFO, Mr. Fastow. Chewco Investments was a partnership created out of the demand to deliver an outside investor ‘s involvement in another Enron partnership and will be discussed at length in the undermentioned subdivision. Such restatements sparked a formal probe by the SEC into Enron ‘s partnerships. Other questionable partnerships were coming to visible radiation, including the Raptors partnerships. These restatements were prodigious, and combined with Enron ‘s revelation that their CFO Mr. Fastow was paid in surplus of $ 30 million for the direction of LJM-1 and LJM-2, investor assurance was crushed. Enron ‘s debt evaluations later plummeted, and one month subsequently, on December 2, 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11.Q. 1 ) What were the steps which Enron had missed to regulate during the full dirt?At the clip of its filing for bankruptcy in December 2001 the complex industrial construction of Enron was to the full grasped by few foreigners, and more complete information as to the true degrees of its assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet places was still blossoming. An thought of the house ‘s complexness can be obtained from such characteristic s as its 2,800 offshore units and the 54 pages required to name people and companies owed money by Enron. This was a far call from the house which in the 1980s specialized in the proviso of natural gas grapevines and related services. But from these beginnings Enron expanded unrelentingly into trading activities in 1,800 merchandises or contracts and 13 currencies. Part of the motive of Enron ‘s behavior was similar to that of many other houses in the 1990s, deducing from the links between stock monetary values and executives ‘ wage and wealth, above all through stock options. However, in Enron ‘s instance the factor of its recognition evaluation was besides of import. The house ‘s rapid enlargement required entree to big sums of funding ; and as its engagement in trading activities grew, so did the importance of its recognition evaluation since this determined its funding costs and crucially the willingness of its counterparties to merchandise with it. In order to keep the house ‘s recognition evaluation Enron sought it to be indispensable that it portrays a favorable income, while avoiding an inordinate purchase on Enron ‘s balance sheet. So as to accomplish this, the house resorted to extraordinary goings from transparence which affected the house ‘s dealingss with investors and creditors, its ain board of managers ( and therefore an of import portion of its internal control ) , and other stakeholders of the corporation. The house ‘s usage of particular purpose entities ( SPEs ) was portion and package of the patterns employed to pull strings the house ‘s net incomes figures and balance sheet, as was resort to hedge and the usage of derived functions in struggle with coverage regulations or concern logic ( or both ) . Many of the minutess associated with this use were besides associated with self-dealing by Enron executives taking to significant personal enrichment. In summing up the causes for Enron ‘s autumn are ascribed to Enron ‘s failure to detect good corporate administration. Enron ‘s showy use of grade to market accounting. Enron ‘s complex minutess with particular purpose entities. This analysis has been restricted to Enron ‘s non observation of good corporate administration. Corporate administration is concerned with the relationships between a concern ‘s direction and its board of managers, its stockholders and loaners, and it ‘s other stakeholders such as employees, clients, providers, and the community of which it is a portion. The capable therefore concerns the model through which concern aims are set and the agencies of achieving them and otherwise monitoring public presentation are determined. Good corporate administration follows rules which still vary significantly among states and which are presently the topic of assorted enterprises designed to accomplish understanding on an acceptable model of basic criterions. Execution of rules of good corporate administration presupposes satisfactory public presentation on the portion of several different parties from both the private and public sectors. The function of these parties must be complemented by effectual ordinance, which in the instance of a house with operations every bit complex a s Enron includes non merely major regulators of the fiscal sectors but besides the regulator of the energy sector. Certain facets that will be dealt, herein, are: Enron ‘s system of inducements and countenances Board of managers Accountants/auditors Banks, Financial analysts and SECsEnron ‘s system of inducements and countenancesThe influence of the house ‘s stock monetary value on the inducement system for Enron ‘s employees became progressively of import during the long fiscal roar of the 1990s. In the instance of senior staff this reflected a wage system of which a cardinal portion consisted of stock options. For other staff much of their nest eggs was invested in Enron stock with the active encouragement of Enron ‘s ain direction. An of import portion of this procedure consisted of retirement nest eggs programs under which staff ‘s ain parts were topped up by parts from Enron itself. Many of Enron employees had invested significant amounts in Enron ‘s ain stock ; this was actively encouraged by Enron ‘s direction itself. But at the same clip Enron officers and a few managers were themselves selling the house ‘s stock on a monolithic graduated table, gross revenues no uncertainty partially due to normal portfolio variegation but besides likely to hold been progressively influenced by insider cognition of the turning precariousness of Enron ‘s existent state of affairs.Board of managersIn order to accomplish good corporate administration an of import function is attribute to histrions in the board of managers and independent external hearers. Key maps of the board of managers, which were peculiarly relevant in the instance of Enron, include choice and wage of executives, being watchful to possible struggles of involvement adversely impacting the house, and guaranting the unity of the company ‘s systems of accounting and fiscal coverage . Prerequisites for satisfactory public presentation include entree to accurate and timely information bearing on the fulfillment of these duties. It should be emphasized that when looking at the managers of Enron ‘s Board it was apparent that the managers did non map independently. Fiscal ties between Enron and a bulk of its managers seem to hold weakened their objectiveness in their inadvertence of Enron. Such relationships with Enron may hold made it hard for such board members to be nonsubjective or critical of Enron direction. Many of these Enron Board members may hold felt that their compensation might be endangered by oppugning such concerns in Board meetings, therefore, bring forthing weak â€Å" nodders and flunkies † as managers and thereby, lending to the autumn of Enron. One widely recognized rule of good corporate administration is that the board be independent of direction. It is indispensable that a board be capable of looking objectively at the direction and outside professional advisers of a house, and Enron ‘s Board was non capable in this regard. It should besides be mentioned here that of the compensation paid to the board a significant proportion was in the signifier of stock options, a pattern capable of exercising on the board pressures to O.K. determinations probably to hold a favorable influence on the house ‘s stock monetary value similar to those besides exerted on direction. The Board should work to assist avoid struggles of involvement, guarantee scrutinizing independency and accurate fiscal coverage, oversee compensation patterns, every bit good as many other dislocations that occurred within Enron. Compromised by its restraints and conventionality the Board failed in its undertaking.Accountants/auditorsSing scrutinizing good corporate administration requires high-quality criterions for readying and revelation, and independency for the external hearer. Enron ‘s external hearer was Arthur Andersen, which besides provided the house with extended internal auditing and consulting services. The history of dealingss between Enron and Arthur Andersen suggests that they were often characterised by tensenesss due to the latter is scruples refering several characteristics of Enron ‘s. Materials from Audit Committee meetings indicate that its members were cognizant of such bad accounting methods being employed by Enron, but did non move on them. These concerns, nevertheless, were ne'er decently addressed and were non efficaciously communicated to the Audit and Compliance Committee by Andersen. It is of import to stress that Enron was utilizing engineerings ( or complex fiscal techniques ) that helped to befog the house ‘s true fiscal consequences. Had investors been more cognizant of and understood the significance of such extremely structured partnerships, they would non hold been as deceived by the fiscal consequences and would hold looked more skeptically at the house ‘s fiscal status. The deficiency of fiscal coverage transparence represents the failure of another bed of corporate administration protection that stockholders are usually provided. Stockholders rely on the fiscal studies and information that direction produces. When such studies are inaccurate and have been manipulated stockholders are stripped of another mechanism that helps to truly supervise the public presentation of direction, which is what happened with the instance of Enron.Banks and Financial analystsEnron ‘s Bankss were profoundly involved in the house ‘s resort to techniq ues for the use of its reported net incomes and balance sheet. The Finance Committee should hold taken a more proactive function in analyzing and supervising the minutess. It should be seen that the Finance Committee holding been cognizant of the unstable nature of the related-party minutess in Enron, failed in its duty of supervising the minutess. A forum for more extended inquiring from managers sing the minutess was the ground that such a commission existed. Their occupation was to examine and take apart the minutess that they reviewed and to supervise hazard, neither of which they did for these related-party minutess. Most fiscal analysts covering Enron stock continued to urge it to investors good into the fall of 2001, even as disclosures refering Enron ‘s accounting and direction weaknesss began to proliferate. Many of the analysts made this recommendation even though they admitted that they did non to the full understand the house ‘s operations and construction.Q. 2 Lacuna in the bing jurisprudence due to which the Enron dirt took topographic pointThe Enron LoopholeThe Commodity Exchange Act exempts certain energy derived functions contracts from ordinance by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) . These freedoms are popularly known as the â€Å" Enron loophole. † Soaring energy monetary values have raised concerns about whether the CFTC has adequate information about these unregulated markets to supervise energy trading in a comprehensive mode. The Farm Bill established a more rigorous regulative government for electronic trading installations that offer contracts that play a important function in puting energy monetary values. A figure of other measures in the hundred-and-tenth Congress would enforce new coverage or regulative demands on the bilateral energy barters market, which was non addressed by the Farm Bill. This study will be updated as legislative developments warrant. In 2000, Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act whose cardinal intent was to put out the conditions under which derivative fiscal contracts – instruments like hereafters, options, or barters, whose value is linked to the monetary value of some implicit in trade good – could be lawfully traded in the over-the counter ( OTC ) market, that is, away the hereafters exchanges that are regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) . The CFMA established three classs of trade goods and made them subject to changing grades of ordinance: fiscal trade goods ( such as involvement rates, currency monetary values, or stock indexes ) were defined as excluded trade goods. Excluded trade goods can be traded in the OTC market with minimum CFTC inadvertence, provided that little public investors are non allowed to merchandise. A 2nd class is agricultural trade goods ; here, because of concerns about monetary value use, the jurisprudence specifies that all derived functions based on farm trade goods must be traded on a CFTC-regulated exchange ; unless the CFTC issues a specific freedom after happening that a proposed OTC agricultural contract would be consistent with the public involvement. Finally, there is a 3rd â€Å" all-other † class – an exempt trade good – which includes whatever is neither fiscal nor agricultural. In today ‘s markets, this means chiefly metals and energy trade goods. The statutory freedom from ordinance provided by the CFMA for exempt trade goods is normally known as the â€Å" Enron loophole. † Before its prostration in 2001, Enron Corp. was a innovator in OTC energy trading and developed an electronic market ( Enron Online ) for trading physical and derivative contracts based on a figure of energy merchandises. Defined in the jurisprudence as fiscal establishments, insurance companies, broker/dealers, authorities units, professional hereafters bargainers, and concerns and persons run intoing certain plus and income thresholds. The given is that these are sophisticated bargainers who do non necessitate the protections offered by authorities ordinance. â€Å" Trading installation † is defined in jurisprudence as a â€Å" installation or system in which multiple participants have the ability to put to death or merchandise understandings, contracts, or minutess by accepting commands and offers made by other participants that are unfastened to multiple participants in the installation or system. † These are defined as eligible contract participants who ( 1 ) trade in the physical trade good or ( 2 ) on a regular basis provide hazard direction or hedge services to those who do. Defined as a trading installation, that operates over an electronic or telecommunications web and maintains an audit trail of minutess. Basically, one of the ways to counter fiscal dirts is to better the quality of scrutinizing services. However, the current legal, regulative and corporate administration model is robust and sufficient to protect the market. This is hard because the figure of fiscal dirts affecting hearers is increasing. Furthermore, whilst corporate administration may hold improved but the hearers ‘ responsibilities and duties are shrouded in enigma and mystique as of all time. There is a blank in the current legal model as the responsibilities and duties reposed on hearers under common jurisprudence, ‘the Companies Act ‘ , BAFIA and the CMSA are unequal in countering the fiscal dirts.Other defectsEnron, an energy trading company is the first dirt which shook up the scrutinizing profession although there were many instances affecting hearers since the 18 century. Enron has caused a crisis to the assurance in hearers and the dependability of fiscal coverage. The audit quality and the independency of the hearers were questionable. This is because the hearers, who were Arthur Andersen, were non merely having fees for scrutinizing but for non-audit services excessively i.e. for consultancy services. In 2001, Arthur Andersen earned US $ 55 million for non-audit services. Furthermore, there were regular exchanges of employees within Enron from Arthur Andersen. Under the common jurisprudence responsibilities and duties, there is no responsibility reposed on the hearers to avoid struggle of involvements. Therefore, the fact that Arthur Andersen was offering non-audit services is non a breach of jurisprudence in the first topographic point. Under ‘the Companies Act ‘ , although independency of the hearers is indispensable as can be seen in S. 9 of ‘the Companies Act ‘ which disqualifies certain individuals from being eligible as hearers, the proviso does non cover with issues refering the offering of non-audit services to the company. This is because the proviso merely prohibits an employee, officer, spouse or employee or employer of an officer from being appointed as an hearer. The offering of the non-audit services by the hearers to a company is in the capacity of an independent contractor. The jurisprudence assumes that such individuals are independent. This is because independency is the basis for scrutinizing. However, there will be struggle of involvement and hence the independency of the hearer will be affected. Although Arthur Andersen was doing a study on the company ‘s histories, they did non describe fraud to the stakeholders. This is because the fraud was committed by the direction. Kenneth Lay took place US $ 152 million although the company was confronting a loss. If the hearers were to describe they likely will non be appointed in subsequent old ages or be engaged for non-audit services. They made sure that they were in the direction ‘s good books. They maintained confidentiality but for the incorrect grounds. The U.S. authorities assured the stakeholders that Enron was merely a instance of one bad apple. Nonetheless, in 2002, WorldCom which is one of the biggest telecommunications company in US collapsed. The issue sing hearers reached a high degree due to Enron. It was found that the hearers, Arthur Anderson, did non take proper stairss in observing accounting abnormalities. Although it is the responsibility of the hearers to observe accounting abnormalities, they failed to make so. Since they failed to make so truly, they should be apt. As a consequence of Enron, the audit house Arthur Andersen in Malaysia was dissolved. On the other manus, it is hard to find the scope of the hearers ‘ responsibilities and duties. This is because in at least four affairs, the American International Group Incorporated ‘s hearer i.e. PricewaterhouseCoopers are cognizant of debatable accounting but decided that they were non material. If the position is shared by the scrutinizing profession, it can be considered that the hearers have performed their responsibilities and duties consequently. However, the position must besides be agreed by the tribunals before set uping whether the hearers have performed their responsibilities and duties consequently. When Enron took topographic point, it was thought it could non go on in Malaysia. In fact the SC believed that since Malaysia patterns different set of accounting and auditing regulations. However, much before Enron, there have been instances which involved scrutinizing dirts. In fact the dirts pose a changeless menace to the regulative construction, public trust and assurance in the market economic system. Therefore, it has raised concerns sing the credibleness of the audit profession. The consequence of these alterations was that, what had antecedently been a system of healthy cheques and balances became a united forepart at the disbursal of investors. Alternatively of holding opposed involvements that served to protect investors, they now had an unhealthy common involvement. The fiducial responsibility that executives owed to stockholders took a back place to the chase of a short-run addition in stock monetary value. Accountants, who had once policed fiscal studies in order to protect the public, now had a strong inducement to assist executives to make whatever it took to hike portion monetary value in order to maintain them as confer withing clients. And investing bankers no longer served as sure advisors to their clients, reconnoitering out the best securities. They found it more advantageous to work with executives and comptrollers to finance trades that raised stock monetary values, even if it meant selling out their clients.Q.3 ) What were the Amendments tha t were brought in station Enron Issue?The Enron Scandal caused a loss of an estimated $ 74 billion to the stockholders. After the prostration of Enron, several issues were earmarked for the attending of reformists including: – The function of concern financess in political candidacy. – The extent of energy companies ‘ influence on national energy policy. – The demand to reform pension Torahs to halt over-exposure to one stock and forestall a company from puting its pension financess in its ain stock. – The demand for higher criterions of transparence and revelation in the audit profession. – Potential struggles of involvement between consultancy and scrutinizing work undertaken by fiscal houses. – The demand for tighter ordinance on fiscal derived functions trading.Sarbanes -Oxley Act ( SOX ) of 2002The sudden prostration of Enron Corporation in late 2001, amid disclosures that its public accounting statements had been manipulated and falsified to hide the company ‘s true fiscal place, was the first in a series of major accounting dirts affecting American corporations. The response of the 107th Congress was to go through the Sarbanes-Oxley Act ( P.L. 107-204 ) , sometimes described as the most sweeping amendments to the securities Torahs since the 1930s. The SOX came as a US legislative response to the recent batch of accounting dirts. It provided for conformity with comprehensive reform of accounting and required for publically held companies to advance and better the quality and transparence of fiscal coverage by internal and external hearers. Companies must â€Å" list and track public presentation of their stuff hazards and associated control processs. â₠¬  Companies can no longer do loans to company managers. SOX Act besides did non turn to other cardinal causes: misaligned inducements ( e.g. , displacement from hard currency to stock option compensation focal point on short-term net incomes instead than longer run net income public presentation. Congress ‘s purpose in go throughing Sarbanes-Oxley was to reconstruct assurance in fiscal markets by increasing corporate answerability, heightening public revelations of fiscal information, and beef uping corporate administration. More terrible condemnable punishments for securities fraud were besides enacted. The Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) has adopted more than a twelve concluding regulations to implement the Act ‘s commissariats. These regulations raise criterions of answerability for corporate executives, boards of managers, independent hearers, and corporate lawyers. Some of the of import characteristics of the Act were: The Act created a national Accounting Oversight Board that, among other activities, must set up the moralss criterions used by CPA houses in fixing audits. It was required that the hearers retain audit working documents for specified periods of clip. It was required that hearer rotary motion forbiding the same individual from being the lead hearer for more than five old ages. It was required that the CEO and CFO certify that the company ‘s fiscal statements are true, just and accurate. The Act prohibited corporations from widening personal loans to executives and managers. It was required that the audited company discloses whether it has adopted the codification of moralss for its senior fiscal officers. It was required that the SEC on a regular basis review each corporation ‘s fiscal statements. The Act prevented employers from retaining against research analysts that write negative studies. It imposed condemnable punishments on hearers and clients for falsification, destructing, changing or hiding records. It imposed all right or penalty on any individual that defrauds stockholders. It increased punishments for mail and wire defraud from 5 to 20 old ages in prison. The Act establishes condemnable liability for failure of corporate officers to attest fiscal studies.A Few Possible Lessons and actionsa-?We need a structural inspection and repair of the system, including:New regulations forbiding houses that do the accounting for a company from making any confer withing for that company Through run finance reform, a committed attempt is needed to acquire large money out of political relations Reregulation and inadvertence of energy trading and distribution a-?We must penalize corporate irresponsibleness: More attempt and diligence is needed in tracking and exposing corporate irresponsibleness and authorities must beef up the current slap-on-the-wrist penalties. At a start, this includes a continued thorough probe of the Enron/Andersen by Congress, the SEC, and the Justice Department, with the public non accepting a watered down version from the authorities. a-?Workers should hold more engagement and power in direction determinations, particularly when pension financess are involved. If this had been in topographic point, Enron perchance would n't hold collapsed, and the employees surely could hold salvaged some of their nest eggs. Losing one ‘s full pension fund is good evidences for demanding employee determination doing power to forestall it in the hereafter. a-?We demand to fight against trade understandings – demand to go on to construct a strong, widespread battle against these trade understandings such as the GATS, and expose them for what they truly are: mechanisms for development of the universe ‘s people, land, resources, and public services. The authorization of these understandings is to let for the Enron ‘s of the universe unrestricted entree to privatise which will probably merely take to more Enron ‘s on a planetary graduated table. Without this battle, local and public services will go on to be lost.